Saturday, August 31, 2019

A Martian

A Martian Sends a Postcard Home Craig Raine, 1979 Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings and some are treasured for their markings– they cause the eyes to melt or the body to shriek without pain. I have never seen one fly, but sometimes they perch on the hand. Mist is when the sky is tired of flight and rests its soft machine on the ground: then the world is dim and bookish like engravings under tissue paper. Rain is when the earth is television. It has the properites of making colours darker. Model T is a room with the lock inside — key is turned to free the world for movement, so quick there is a film to watch for anything missed. But time is tied to the wrist or kept in a box, ticking with impatience. In homes, a haunted apparatus sleeps, that snores when you pick it up. If the ghost cries, they carry it to their lips and soothe it to sleep with sounds. And yet, they wake it up deliberately, by tickling with a finger. Only the young are allowed to suffer openly . Adults go to a punishment room with water but nothing to eat. They lock the door and suffer the noises alone. No one is exempt nd everyone's pain has a different smell. At night, when all the colours die, they hide in pairs and read about themselves — in colour, with their eyelids shut. A Martian Sends a Postcard Home –  Analysis Posted on April 6, 2011 by vincentmli The poem A Martian Sends a Postcard Home by Craig Raine depicts exactly what the title says: a  Martian  sending a postcard home. However, we must take into consideration that the Martian is actually on Earth, sending a postcard back to his own home; therefore the descriptions of our everyday objects are depicted so bizarrely.Every detail alludes to items as well as actions seen on Earth. In the poem Raine illustrates several things from the Martian’s perspective: a book, fog, car, clock, telephone, bathroom, and dream. The author applies a very unique technique in describing all these thing s, he breaks down each object into  unrecognisable  parts and compares them to something similar. A book is illustrated and compared to a mechanical bird with many wings. The flapping wings of a bird imitates the turning pages of a book.Raine also says â€Å"some are treasured for their markings† referring to that fact that some books are cherished by individuals because of their â€Å"markings†, the words written in them. One final things the author does to compare a book to a bird is to remove certain qualities of a bird that don’t fit in the description of a book, such as flight, but also emphasize a similarity; a book sitting compared to a bird perching on someone’s hand. This kind of dismantling of objects and  analysing  them in a new perspective is done for every object Raine depicts.Another excellent example of this would be the author’s depiction of a car. The author says, â€Å"Model T is a room   with a lock inside†, fro m an outside look, a car is nothing more than an enclosed space, exactly what a room is. Raine removes features of a room that don’t apply to a car, a room doesn’t lock from the inside but a car does. The ending of the poem is the most intriguing since it doesn’t depict anything tangible but rather the concept of dreaming or the action of sleeping. Raine states that â€Å"at night when all colours die, they hide in pairs and read about themselves — in colour, with their eyelids shut†.It is very clear in these last stanza’s Raine is illustrating a scene where two people are sleeping. The night is dark and no colour can be seen; but in our dreams, where we learn or â€Å"read† about ourselves, we see in colour. This is the only thing that the author doesn’t compare to another object but simply  analyses  what dreaming truly is, using the simplest of descriptions. | | | | | | | | | | |– Craig Raine |A poem I like becaus e of its way of startling us into new ways of looking at things – which is something I feel is very basic to poetry. Startling similes is Craig Raine's specialty, and this poem in particular displays his skill to such virtuoso effect that it lead to a new school of so-called â€Å"Martian† poetry. But I think that Raine is participating in a very ancient poetic ancient tradition. If you look at the poem as a series of riddles to be deciphered by the reader, then that takes us back centuries to the riddle poems in Anglo Saxon literature.Anyway, have fun decoding the images. Poem Summary Lines 1-6 Based on the first six lines, we understand that the poem will be a description of human culture seen through the eyes of a Martian. The speaker uses the word â€Å"Caxtons† to refer to books. Englishman William Caxton, who lived during the fifteenth century, was the first person to print books in English. In these lines, the Martian compares books to birds. Like birds, books have wings (pages), and, like birds, they are marked in ways that give them value.Birds can be distinguished by their color(s), books by the words they contain. Because the speaker does not know the words for â€Å"cry† or â€Å"laugh,† he says that books can â€Å"cause the eyes to melt / or the body to shriek without pain,† referring to humans’ emotional response when they read books. In lines 5 and 6, the speaker returns again to the comparison of books to birds, focusing on the way in which humans frequently hold books. To the Martian, a book in a person’s hands looks like a bird perching. Lines 7-10 Again, a comparison is made between a manufactured item and a natural thing.By saying that â€Å"Mist is when the sky is tired of flight,† the speaker is suggesting that the sky is like a vessel of some sort, presumably a flying saucer or a spaceship. It is often difficult to see the sky when the ground is shrouded in fog, hence the id ea that the sky is resting itself on the ground. In lines 9 and 10, the speaker returns to the image of the book. We can understand this comparison if we see the outlines of things in the world—e. g. , buildings, trees, mountains, etc. —as looking like words, or â€Å"engravings under tissue paper. This is a complicated image to visualize, but it deepens our own understanding of how mysterious the earth could be to someone who has never experienced it before. Combined with some of the other descriptions of the natural world, this image, in effect, â€Å"de-naturalizes† nature for the reader. Lines 11-12 There are several ways to read these lines. One way is to think of rain as being like a machine, in this case television. Like television, rain makes â€Å"colours darker† by shrouding our view of what is really there. This reading also raises the question of what â€Å"is† really there, suggesting that reality itself s colored by the cultural lens es one brings to the act of perception. Another way of reading these lines is to think, literally, of the static that frequently appears on television sets. We often refer to such static as rain or snow. Lines 13-16 A Model T is an automobile. Not knowing the words for the parts of a car, the speaker instead refers to it as â€Å"a room† (the seats and the space inside the car) â€Å"with the lock inside† (the ignition into which the key fits). After the car is started, it moves. The Martian compares the experience of seeing things go by, to â€Å"free[ing] the world / for movement †¦ The â€Å"film† is the rearview mirror. We can see †¦ â€Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home† by Craig Raine Upon first read, Craig Raine's â€Å"A Martian Sends A Postcard Home†, that was written in 1979, may seem to be a poem about random happenings on Earth. However, while reading the poem in depth and interpreting the poem it can be read as a Martian tha t was unfamiliar with Earth and its culture. This poem is filled with metaphors. In Craig Raine's poem â€Å"A Martian Sends A Postcard Home† the very literal in essence it is a Martian writing to his people back home.The theme of difference is represented by the Martians lack of the proper words and terms to describe everyday things. The Martian in the poem does this because he has a conceptual viewpoint. The first time we see a metaphor is in the first line, â€Å"Caxtons are mechanical birds with many wings. † (1) I interpreted this as somebody must have pointed at a book and called it a Claxton, or just referred to it as a Claxton, but the Martian might have thought it was a mechanical bird, seeing how an open book does resemble a bird with many wings.The Martian also notices that some books or â€Å"mechanical birds† are more important than others because of what is inside. In the next stanza the Martian says books â€Å"cause the eyes to melt,† (3) probably referring to people when they cry as they are reading. The next line in that stanza shows that at times the people yell or scream because of the books and what they are reading. In stanza three the Martian has never seen a â€Å"mechanical bird† fly but he has seen them perched on hands before. Someone could have construed this stanza as, he never saw a book fly, but he does see them being held by people in their hands.The†¦ Throughout Craig Raine's seventeen-stanza poem several functional devices become apparent with defamiliarisation being the most prominent. Raine also utilises alienation to enable the audience to observe Earth and human behaviour from a Martian's â€Å"alien† point of view. Marxist theories aid in the interpretation of this poem in that Raine suggests that the printing presses rule the world- or at least its censorship. Freudian literary theories also come in useful when analysing â€Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home† especial ly with the last two stanzas being about the metaphysical world of dreams.Raine's unusual world hypothetically assumes a future state, where Martians do exist to the extent that they have landed on Earth and are able to have mail delivered back to their home planet giving the poem a somewhat farcical nature . However this poem makes one of its functions very clear; it raises the question of are we alone in the universe straight to the forefront of our minds for a fresh examination. The structure of â€Å"A Martian Sends A Postcard Back Home† is very much like a postcard in itself, only this is a confused postcard. Postcards rarely require a response however, this one certainly does in the form of clarification.The Martian gets confused with the difference between a baby and a telephone, (st10-12), emphasising the confusion between technology and the natural instigated in stanza one, with â€Å"Caxtons† being â€Å"mechanical bird[s]†, meaning newspapers and book s. The suggestion of literature controlling our emotions brought forth in the early stages of the poem introduces Marxist theory into the poem; ideology in modern capitalist societies suggests that whoever owns the publishing houses controls cultural production, and therefore the strength of capitalism itself .Also reinforcing Marxist theories throughout the poem is the fact that the poem is stereotypical of all human†¦ Poem Analysis from Bob :. â€Å"A Martian Sends a Postcard Home† is a poem with seventeen stanzas. All of the stanzas have two lines. At first the title of this poem was kind of tricky for me because it made me think that it was about an actual Martian. It took me a while to figure out that he was talking about things that happen in everyday life in earth. Basically something a Martian would send home if he was on a vacation to earth is what the poem focuses on.Analysis Raine uses several riddles in this poem to show what the Martian sees when he comes to earth. He does a very good job in doing this. For example, the first stanza of the poem is talking about a book. Caxton was the first English printer of books. Mechanical birds with wings refers to the pages in a book. By saying they are treasured for their markings means that if a person enjoys reading a book they will treasure it. Raine also refers to a book in the next four lines.Stanza six comes out straight forward and lets us realize that Raine is talking about fog. It uses words such as clouds. By using context clues we understand the true interpretation. When Raine says â€Å"rain is when the earth is television† he means that the TV is snowy. This is a very good metaphor for rain because it does kind of make the TV look like it is raining. The seventh and eighth stanzas are talking about a car. This is simple as Raine refers to â€Å"Model T. † Raine gives good examples of the car in a Martiani s eyes.For instance, â€Å"Model T is a room with the locks insi de. † I like this line a lot because I have never seen a car in this way before. Raine says it is a room because you go inside of the car and you are away from the outside world. You need a key to turn the car on and off and to lock the car. In this next stanza Raine did a great job of describing a watch or clock. â€Å"Ticking with impatience† is right of the button. That is all a watch and clock do is tick for twenty four hours a day. Stanza ten, eleven, and twelve are on the subject of a telephone.All the phone is what Raine writes in this poem. It does not do anything until you pick it up and that is what Raine is saying. The cries of the ghost is when it rings. Then you â€Å"talk to it†, or answer it and when you are finished â€Å"put it back to sleep† or hang it up. Yes, we do â€Å"deliberately wake it and tickle it with a finger† when we answer it or call someone else. A â€Å"punishment room with just water† is a bathroom. I just l ove these next three stanzas because I love the bathroom. I just doni t think of it as a â€Å"punishment room. † When Raine writes â€Å"only the young are allowed to suffer openly† he is talking about a baby getting their diapers changed in the open. Yet adults have to go to the bathroom and suffer our pain alone. Raine had exceptional use of metaphors to describe the bathroom. The last two stanzas are about sleeping and dreaming. â€Å"When the colours die† is when we go to bed. â€Å"Reading about ourselves with our eyelids shut† is basically saying we are dreaming of ourselves. Raine put this at a good spot in the poem because the end of the poem symbolizes the end of the day.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Basics Of Pharmaceuticals

Aside from the requisites of drug manufacturing, a drug company must also have the knowledge on the legal aspect of the pharmaceutical business. A company must be able to know what agencies of the government he has to seek advice from before it undergoes the manufacturing process in order to have a good start.Relative to this, the company needs to know which regulates the safety and efficacy of the drugs to be manufactured and which agency protects the rights of the manufacturer and the consumers against illicit drugs.This paper will discuss the basic responsibilities of the Food and Drug Administration and the Drug Enforcement Agency including the approval process of manufacturing a generic drug copy. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND ITS RESPONSIBILITIES The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is generally responsible for ensuring the safety and efficacy of all drugs for human and veterinary use.FDA’s 1mission statement specifically states that the administration â€Å"is res ponsible for protecting the public health by assuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, our nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation. † This will then give us the idea why FDA need to regulate drugs, and that is to ensure that they are safe and effective. The administration is also held responsible for ensuring that the drugs have information that is honest and accurate for the general public to use.The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) (Drug Enforcement Administration for the United States) is primarily responsible for the enforcement of the Controlled Substances Laws and Regulations. In the United States, DEA is under the wing of the Department of Justice, where it serves as an arm of the justice against the 2those organizations and principal members of organizations, involved in the growing, manufacture, or distribution of controlled substances appearing in or destined for illi cit traffic in the United States. The DEA’s drugs of concern include: Cocaine, marijuana, heroin, inhalants, LSD, Ecstasy, Steroids, Oxycontin and Methamphetamine.The following list of specific responsibilities is adopted by this writer from the DEA’s official website: >Investigation and preparation for the prosecution of major violators of controlled substance laws operating at interstate and international levels. >Investigation and preparation for prosecution of criminals and drug gangs who perpetrate violence in our communities and terrorize citizens through fear and intimidation. >Management of a national drug intelligence program in cooperation with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect, analyze, and disseminate strategic and operational drug intelligence information.>Seizure and forfeiture of assets derived from, traceable to, or intended to be used for illicit drug trafficking. >Enforcement of the provisions of the Controlled Substances Act as they pertain to the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of legally produced controlled substances. >Coordination and cooperation with federal, state and local law enforcement officials on mutual drug enforcement efforts and enhancement of such efforts through exploitation of potential interstate and international investigations beyond local or limited federal jurisdictions and resources.>Coordination and cooperation with federal, state, and local agencies, and with foreign governments, in programs designed to reduce the availability of illicit abuse-type drugs on the United States market through nonenforcement methods such as crop eradication, crop substitution, and training of foreign officials. >Responsibility, under the policy guidance of the Secretary of State and U. S. Ambassadors, for all programs associated with drug law enforcement counterparts in foreign countries.>Liaison with the United Nations, Interpol, and other organizations on matters relating to international drug control programs. DEA’S PROGRAMS AND OPERATIONS Drug Enforcement Agency also updates its programs and operations according to the demand of technology and the development of new methods of illicit drug operations. Recent report published in the KT4 Online alerted the public on the emergence of illegal websites that are bringing prescription drugs out into the market (KT4 Online, August 24, 2007).The DEA reported that such websites are able to market their products using just credit cards as payment modes. The agency now referred the so-called â€Å"rogue pharmacies† to the congress for the legislation of a more formidable law for such illegal and dangerous activities, which are regulated because such companies do not meet the standards set by the United States. Even medicinal or herbal plants that are not yet studied or regulated under the law is also under the responsibility of the DEA to study and made research relative to its danger in the human health.In Utah, a native plant called salvia divinorium, has been put into attention by the Hill Air Force Base which according to initial findings can cause hallucinations. In the report published in the Salt Lake Tribune, â€Å"magic mint† as its street name, is ingested or inhaled usually by the members of the military and the people inside the base (Salt Lake Tribune, August 20, 2007). The herbal plant is still legal as it is still under research by the DEA. Experts also say that the plant that grows in the wilds of Utah can cause lung irritation when its dried leaves are inhaled.LAWS AND POLICIES GOVERNING GENERIC DRUGS The regulations pertaining to generics drugs are under the responsibility of the Food and Drug Administration. Under the law, pharmaceutical companies or drug manufacturers have all the right to apply for a generic copy of their branded drugs. It can also be that a manufacturer seeks for a license from the brand name company to make a generic copy of the branded product . A generic copy of the drug is called â€Å"authorized generics† because the branded product manufacturer had given the authority to the manufacturer of the generic drug copy.However, these generic copied have to undergo the legal process that is regulated by the FDA. It is the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, commonly referred to as the Waxman-Hatch Act, which is being used as a legal basis for FDA for regulating generic drug copies. â€Å"Since the law was enacted over 23 years ago, the number of generic manufacturers and number of generic drug products on the market have expanded exponentially† (Coster, John M. 2007). The law allows a generic drug that is a generic copy of the pioneer drug to be approved by FDA to be marketed by the same company.This is even without the submission of the usual New Drug Application (NDA) that is submitted in full when a branded product is being applied for marketing. The NDA is usually a time-consuming and expensive clinical trials required to be done by the drug manufacturer in order to comply with the safety and efficacy standards required of them. With the Waxman-Hatch Act, NDA is being replaced with the submission of Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) provided that the generic copy has demonstrated the fact that it is bioequivalent to the pioneer drug (J.Coster, The Pharmacist, Vol. 32, No. 6, 2007). This process allows the generic copy to be approved for marketing the easier and faster way because it does not to prove its safety and effectiveness through trials since the pioneer drug had already proven such. For the ANDA of the generic drug to be approved, its pioneer drug must have the four required certifications: (1) that no patent is listed for the pioneer drug; (2) that the patent has expired; (3) the date on which the patent will expire; or (4) that the patent is invalid or not infringed.Such information is listed in the FDA’s Orange Book, a reference for t he pharmacists in determining the interchangeability of the drugs. Just recently, the Waxman-Hatch Act has been replaced with 3McCain-Schumer Act, after its authors Senators John McCain and Charles E. Schumer. The main feature of the new act is the changing of the 180-day exclusivity term of the first generic drug copy to only the 30-day term. Exclusivity, in the old law is granted for the manufacturer of the generic drug to market the product exclusively within 180 days that is for the manufacturer who first secured the FDA’s approval of the generic copy.With the new law, exclusivity term is shortened for the purpose of further price reduction of the generic drugs as competition is encouraged after the 30-day term. It is estimated, according to Schumer’s study that the new law will enable consumers to save 60% of their usual expense when buying branded drugs and that will give consumers a total of $71 billion savings in 10 years (Bash, Dana, CNN Online, May 01, 2001). Schumer cited Claritin, a prescription allergy drug as example which costs an average of $63.65 while its generic equivalent will only cost $25. 46. Generally, the new law is of great help for the Americans in terms of their medical expenditures. CONCLUSION By looking into the basic responsibilities and functions of the FDA and DEA, we were able to have an idea of the basic legal aspect of drug manufacturing and marketing. Also by having an overview of the laws governing generic copy manufacturing, we were able to have the basic knowledge of how the approval process rolls.In general we can conclude that the legal process of drug manufacturing and marketing is really a long and expensive process for the companies especially for the branded or patented drugs. However with the Schumer-McCain Act, the process is shortened and had benefited especially the consumers for enabling the cheaper version of their branded medicine to be marketed. REFERENCES 1FDAs Mission Statement. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. fda. gov/opacom/morechoices/mission. html 2DEA Mission Statement. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www.usdoj. gov/dea/agency/mission. htm 3Senate Passes Ground-Breaking Schumer-McCain Generic Drug Bill (Press Release). July 31, 2002. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://schumer. senate. gov/SchumerWebsite/pressroom/press_releases/PR01124. html Bash, Dana. McCain, Schumer introduce generic drug bill. CNN Online. May 01, 2001. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://archives. cnn. com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/05/01/senate. genericdrugs/index. html Coster, John M. The Waxman-Hatch Generic Drug Law: 23 Years Later. The Pharmacist. June 19, 2007. Vol. 32 No. 6Griffith, Christopher, et. al. (2002). View from Washington: Senate approves changes in generic-drug approval. Leydig, Voit Mayer, Ltd. Report. October 2002. Volume 3 Issue 4 Colonel bans use of ‘magic mint' herb. Salt Lake Tribune. August 20, 2007. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http: //www. sltrib. com/News/ci_6668009 Federal Authorities Warn Against Online Rogue Pharmacies. KT4 Online. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. ktiv. com/News/index. php? ID=16295 What FDA Regulates. Retrieved on August 26, 2007 from http://www. fda. gov/comments/regs. html

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Essay on Macbeth and female roles

Moreover, I find It to be one of his more Interesting plays as It Includes misguided ambition, bravery, paranoia as ell as betrayal and It Is a perfect example of how one story can be projected upon different ages. Macbeth, who Is a conscientious man, Is being overpowered by his vaulting ambition. The tragedy In this play Lies In him degenerating from a noble and brave warrior to a simple killer who commits gruesome murders to save himself. Ironically from the repercussions of his own crimes. Looking at this play from different angles allows me to get a better impression of how the gender roles are presented between the different characters.I found the role women play in Macbeth specially intriguing, as they seem to be the ones pulling all the strings. Therefore, I am going to show how they are being defamed and portrayed, among other things, as cold and monstrous. Moreover, I will show how those perceptions of women can be seen in relation to the classical perception of women, as we ll as the perception that people had during the Middle Ages and how these and biblical pictures could have formed such personages as Lady Macbeth and the three witches.To be able to analyze those characters in depth I am going to limit myself to specific scenes involving Lady Macbeth and the three witches. Furthermore, I am going to use information I found in various books as well as the text † The Great Chain of Being† to put my findings into perspective. The role of women in Shakespearean Macbeth The Setting Macbeth takes place in Scotland around 1600 with the exception of a single scene In England (Act 4 Scene 3). The tragedy unfolded among the upper classes of society, namely Kings and thanes.Women did not have the greatest Influence; one could say that men owned them and they behaved accordingly. 2 An example of this Is the tragedy of Macadam leaving his wife and children despite Lady Macadam's contrary linings towards his decision (Act 4 Scene 2). The play starts o ut with a lightning storm, creating a gloomy atmosphere that sets the mood and Indicates the general atmosphere of the play. The three weird ones I chose to analyze two scenes describing the three witches (they are also called â€Å"weird ones†, â€Å"weird women† or ‘Modeled sisters†) In â€Å"Macbeth†, namely Act 1 Scene 1 and Act 1 Scene 3.In my opinion, those are best suited to show how the three weird ones are being portrayed and in addition. They demonstrate how important their role included, as it isn't certain that Shakespeare wrote those. Instead many scholars live that Thomas Middleton wrote Act 3 Scene 5 and parts of Act 4 Scene 1. 3 Since I want to analyze Shakespearean play, it seems natural to exclude those two scenes. Act 1 scene 1: Meeting the witches This scene is the shortest opening scene in Shakespearean works and introduces us immediately to the three sisters.What's more interesting, though , is that they aren't introduced as wit ches or any other kind of other negative name, but they call themselves â€Å"we three†, whereas in the rest of the play others name them as the â€Å"weird sisters† or â€Å"weird women†. This might be owed to the old English word â€Å"weird† meaning â€Å"fate†, and considering there are three of them, one could associate them with the Pearce, who were the three mythical creatures that controlled human destiny. Parallels can be drawn from the mythical creatures to those three sisters controlling Machete's life, as if those three sisters decided how his life should be and how it should end. Another interesting aspect of the first scene of this play are the paradoxes used. The most interesting of those is: † fair is foul, and foul is fair†, which seems to be a contradiction in it itself and therefore a violation of God's natural order. Lars Sabers idea on this is that it is a typical Shakespearean drama with the theme of â€Å"The See ming versus the Being†6.This seems to be a fitting assumption, although it needs a deeper explanation. The main theme of the play is described by this quote and means, simply put, that nothing is what it seems. For instance, Lady Macbeth is named a â€Å"gentle lady† by Macadam (Act 2 Scene 3 line 79), but in reality, she is the one to blame for the execution of Dunce's murder. Another example is Banquet, who in the beginning, appears to be Machete's right-hand man and friend. Soon thereafter, however, we can see that he negates that picture of him.This confirms that the witches know exactly what is going to happen and to whom, and thus the assumption of them being a Shakespearean version of the Pearce. Act 1 Scene 3: The witches meet Macbeth and Banquet The beginning of this scene shows that the three witches driven by evil and vengefulness are not only malicious but also very destructive. When one of the sisters asks where the other has been, the second answers that s he was out killing swine, which back in their time, as Eva Poss.. And Clinician Gabon wrote, according to popular belief was something witches did.This shows how ruthless they are and that there is a lack of compassion for animals or other living beings. As the first sister explained her whereabouts, she tells about a sailor's wife eating chestnuts, and having asked for some she was denied the food (Act 1 Scene 3 line 1-5). This resulted in them cursing that woman's husband. The evil of the weird sisters is shown clearly in their choice of words and their actions; by taking a better look at this curse, one can see the connection between the captain's and Machete's in life several places. For one her chant: â€Å"I'll dad, I'll do, and I'll do.I'll drain him dry as hay;† can be linked to the sterility of Machete's marriage and as she chants: â€Å"Sleep shall neither night nor day', she curses this man to suffer from insomnia, Just as Macbeth will suffer from lack of sleep, w hich will ultimately push him over the limit and make him go mad. Lars Jabber explains in his book: â€Å"De err linefeed, dies hisser, go some en slag's metastasis mafia hover De sigh p deem, deer anger at subsidized deem. â€Å"9 1 do agree about the evil deeds they have committed, it can be easily overlooked that this curse also shows the limitations to their power.Specifically when looking at this quote: â€Å"Though his bark cannot be lost†, which shows that they are not capable of making this man's ship sink. (Act 1 Scene 3 line 23) As the play continues they interrupted when they hear Macbeth arriving. At that point he exclaims: â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen† (Act 1 Scene 3 line 36). This is an echo of the three witches' â€Å"Foul is fair and fair is foul†, for so many men have been slaughtered in battle, yet Macbeth had achieved a great victory. When Banquet sees the witches, he describes them as being withered and wild† in attire .He says that they don't look like they were from this earth and further describes their looks with choppy fingers and skinny lips that are often used to describe a person that is not trustworthy or even likeable. People often associate it with somebody who has a calculating personality,10 and this is the same feeling you get from those witches when you hear their description. He also says that they should be women, and yet their beards forbid him to interpret them as such. (Act 1 Scene 3 line 37-45) All of this depicts how unnatural and unusual Banquet thinks these women are.When the witches start to talk, they hail Macbeth as the soon-to-be Thane of Castor and King of Scotland. Whilst Macbeth is stunned by these fair-sounding prophecies, Banquet demands the witches to also tell him about his future, and he is told that, although he shall not be royalty, his offspring will. As abruptly as the witches had appeared, they disappear, and messengers from King Duncan arrive and inform Ma cbeth of his newly gained title of Thane of Castor. When they hear the news, Banquet suddenly remarks: ‘What, can the devil speak true? His utterance once more demonstrates Banquets lack of belief in those witches, ailing them the devil. Macbeth is astonished by the news and tries to hide his mind's preoccupation with kingship, while Banquet warns him of the dangers these prophecies might bear. He compares the sisters to the darkness when he says: â€Å"And oftentimes, to win us to our harm, The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles, to betrays In deepest consequence. † (Act 1 Scene 3 line 119-125) Are those women simply prophets, or do they actually set events in motion?During our first encounter with the weird ones, it is unsure where they've come from or who r what they actually are, or even what they have in mind when they plan on meeting Macbeth. As the play continues, the feeling of them manipulating events becomes more apparent, and t heir maliciousness emerges step by step. The words Shakespeare used for their dialogs and chants can be interpreted as negative, and even though some might have a positive use, they are turned into something bad, just as their first â€Å"prophecy', of fair being foul and foul being fair, predicts.They plot mischief, using prophecies against Macbeth and their predictions turned the noble Macbeth into a murderer. It is unclear whether the witches had their knowledge from somebody else, or whether they are the ones toying with human destinies. As mentioned before they have a staggering resemblance to the Pearce, who controlled the thread of life and thereby every humans' destiny. The way Shakespeare chose to portray the weird ones makes it seem as if they took some kind of perverse delight in using their knowledge to destroy human beings and their fates.Looking at the witches from afar gives a clear picture of what it means to be malicious, vengeful and This woman is more than Just a n interesting character. She goes through several developmental stages, and in contrast to the three witches, the evil, or coldness that is within her cannot be seen through a dialogue but through the thoughts that occupy her mind. Lady Macbeth is one of the most powerful female characters in literature. The fact that she is alone in the beginning shows that we are privy to her innermost thoughts and feelings.Act 1 Scene 5: Lady Macbeth is determined to be queen This scene opens with Lady Macbeth, who received a letter from her husband. In his letter, he calls her â€Å"dearest partner of greatness†, which she indeed is and becomes even more so as she manipulates Macbeth into giving in to his passions. To a certain degree, she even controls his actions, resulting in the crimes committed. This means that, even though she is not the one to deliver the fatal blow herself, she definitely is responsible.As she finishes reading the news of his success in battle and his encounter wi th the witches that promised him that he will become king – and thus her queen – she exclaims: â€Å"Glacis thou art, and Castor, and shall be What thou art promised; yet do I fear thy nature, It is too full thimble of human kindness. â€Å"(Act 1 Scene 5 line 14-16) What she means is that he shall become what he was promised, namely king. This seems to be reflecting the witches' prophecy, and one could say that she follows the witches' lead and becomes herself an agent of fate.Nevertheless, according to Lars Jabber she believes him to be somebody that would let others cheat to achieve his goals, as long as it wasn't he who was cheating 1. As her thoughts seem to battle over whether her husband could fulfill this prophecy she can see only one solution: â€Å"Hi thee hither, That I may pour my spirits in thin ear, And chastise with the velour of my tongue†. Act 1 Scene 5 line 24-26) She practically says that she wants to empower him with her poisonous words and he should renounce any of his doubts and be brave enough to kill Duncan.Since the masses back then must have seen Hamlet before Macbeth, they might have remembered that in Hamlet's Act 1 Scene 5, the father's ghost reports that he was killed by poison: â€Å"And in the porches of my ears did pour The leprous despoilment†12. This parallel darkens Lady Machete's words instantly. As the play continues, Lady Macbeth descends further and further into her dark self. When a messenger arrives, she compares him o a hoarse raven, an omen of death in itself, and calls upon dark spirits to â€Å"unsexes† her, saying: â€Å"Come to my woman's breasts And take my milk for gall†.Jennies La Belle argues that Lady Machete's outbreak isn't only a psychological one but one that asks for her to eliminate her basic biological characteristics of femininity. 14 Meaning that the body and mind are connected, and to achieve such an unfeminine consciousness is to become a man and leave a ll female attributes and weaknesses behind. This once more shows how ambitious she is, and that she doesn't shy away from hard assure.I am not sure I would go as far as Jennies La Belle and connect the physiological with the psychological, but there is a definite connection between Lady Machete's words and her desire to be tougher and more hardened like a man. This is once more a contradiction that fits the witches' prophecy. A woman is supposed to be nurturing and soft, whereas a man is supposed to be tough and aggressive. Soon thereafter, Macbeth arrives and they have a brief and urgent talk about Dunce's rather cruel, because it contains a paradox. The warmth of the sun is contrasted withDuncan, who won't ever see it again. In the following lines she uses several metaphors to conceal her actual thoughts:† Your face, my thane, is as a book, where men May read strange matters†(Act 1 Scene 5 line 61-62); followed by an amusingly ironic allusion to Genesis 5:† You h and, your tongue; look like ethnocentric flower, But be the serpent underwent. â€Å"(Act 1 Scene 5 line 64-65) The â€Å"paradise† that was promised by the witches turns, as they called it, from â€Å"fair to foul†. The last line of the scene: â€Å"Leave all the rest to me†, has quite a chilling tone to it and is very imperative.It seems as if she completed her transformation to a man and takes over the active and leading role in their relationship, whilst Macbeth becomes a mere accomplice. Act 1 Scene 7: Macbeth debates whether to murder Duncan The imagery of Machete's soliloquy in the beginning of this scene exposes his objective, for example Dunce's murder and his own success, but his use of words reveals a mind that is suffering from confusion and indecisiveness. This becomes particularly obvious because of the repetition of some specific words like:† if, were, but and so on† that show his confusion.Finally, when Lady Macbeth enters, he inform s her that he has changed his mind. She responds contemptuously to his change of heart: ‘Was the hope drunk Wherein you dressed yourself? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now to look so green and pale At what it did so freely? From this time, Such I account thy love. Art thou afeard to be the same in thin own act and velour, As thou art in desire? Wouldst thou have that Which thou system's the ornament of life, And live a coward in thin own esteem, Letting â€Å"l dare not† wait upon â€Å"l would†, Like the poor cat Tightwad's? (Act 1 Scene 7 line 36-45) She does not only accuse him of being a coward but taunts him by comparing him to a cat that wanted a fish yet didn't want to get its paws wet. Lady Macbeth essentially tells him that he can't be trusted, even concerning his love towards her 16. Furthermore, she urges him thereby to get over himself and kill Duncan to prove his manhood and love for her. On top of convincing her husband to kill the King, she bre aks his first illusion of not involving anybody else by prompting him to blame the murder on Dunce's officers.This reveals how manipulative she is and that she has control over her Cubans like a puppeteer over his puppets. What really shows the darkness and the evil that lingers inside of her, though, is how far she would go to achieve her goal; she said that she would dash the brains out of her own child whilst it was sucking on her nipple and smiling lovingly at her if she had sworn as he had done. (Act 1 Scene 7 line 54-58) This is a shocking and monstrous thing to say, and no woman could call herself a woman, being able to say that about her own offspring, or any child for that matter.This declaration proves a complete absence of compassion, mercy or sense of lilt. Act 5 Scene 1: Revelation of Lady Machete's guilt during her sleep This scene is critical to understanding Lady Macbeth as a character and as a woman. Even though she felt no, or close to no remorse in the preceding s cenes, this one changes the perception of her abruptly; she is haunted by her guilt and confesses those gruesome deeds in her sleep. At this point the decline of the Macbeth family begins, Lady Macbeth doesn't play the role of the leader of their relationship anymore, and Macbeth is slowly turning mad.The psychological impact all those deeds had on Lady nine 64-66) Her speech patterns have become fragmented, and the wife that had once been in control of herself and her surroundings is now reduced to a woman who cannot connect two sentences correctly, and one who has lost connection to reality due to her devastated mind. As she sleepwalks with a candle that she has ordered(Act 5 Scene 1 line 20-21) to be by her side at all times, I agree with Lars Saber's opinion that it seems as if the only thing important to her now is saving her soul, with the light being the only symbol of hope left to her. 7 Is Lady Macbeth a 2- dimensional character, or is there more to her? Lady Macbeth, who i s an incredibly ambitious woman, shares the same aspirations as her husband. During the first couple of scenes, until Macbeth starts shutting her out, she seems to be the one who is most ruthless and the one who pulls the relationship forward. As the play continues and her husband follows her urges to kill Duncan but turns colder and more paranoid, their relationship suffers. Macbeth starts a bloodshed and Lady Macbeth finally succumbs to her guilt and goes mad.Her state of mind is even more damaged than her husband's, and her conscience ultimately forces her to commit suicide. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth seem to have a perfect partnership They feel passion for each other and think alike, but as the story continues and Lady Macbeth persuades him to kill the King, they become more and more alienated from each other, and their feelings for each other turn to sheer numbness. Looking at this woman under a magnifying glass reveals that she isn't a simple two-di mensional character but Just as Pushpin described Shakespearean characters in general to be.She is a complex and multifaceted character, with all the inconsistencies that a person of flesh and blood has, and she reveals her different acts in the wide range of situations she is put nine. In the end one can't deny that Lady Macbeth has a tough outer exterior, and could be called an â€Å"Iron Lady', but she also has softer sides to her, which only comes to shine through if one begins to scratch below the surface. Are women in Macbeth evil? This question is a difficult one to answer.As I progressed from reading the play to analyzing the witches and then Lady Macbeth, my perception changed gradually. It seemed as if various authors had agreed on either putting those women into one drawer or the other, but in my opinion, they should not be stereotyped. For instance, the witches are indeed portrayed as evil and calculating, but if you take into account that they could be the ones on the receiving end of information about various humans' â€Å"fate†, then you can't call them as evil as you would probably like to.The fate of Macbeth would not lie in their hands any longer, and their actions would not matter; his path would have been predestined. When trying to understand what lies behind Lady Macbeth, many authors are very trigger-happy and call her monstrous, cold and evil. And yes, her actions, manipulating her husband into killing the King aren't the actions of an innocent soul. Still one has to look behind the curtain, to see that she did those things out of love, because she is familiar with her husband's shortcomings.Finally, she starts feeling remorse and succumbs to her guilt, but only when her husband starts shutting her out and she feels isolated. Therefore, I neither want to call those women evil nor good, rather women that are in different situations and do what they feel is right. Portrayals of women in Macbeth and the perception To start with, I will take a peek into a possible point of history where the general reception of women in the Elizabethan era might have originated. The authors of the book â€Å"Brisker till skivvies histories† retell the Greek mythological story of human creation.The titan Prometheus creates men from clay, and the goddess Athena gave them the breath of life. As the story goes, Prometheus and the human kind had angered Zeus; therefore, he let Hyphenates create Pandora, a mortal of stunning beauty. They gave her many gifts of wealth as well as a deceptive heart and a lying tongue. She becomes the first women on earth who carries one final gift: a Jar filled with all evil, sorrow and misfortune but also hope. 9 This is Just one of many examples of how lowly people thought of women.One can also recall the Christian mythology, where – Just as in Greek mythology – the woman was created after the man, and of course, it is she who causes their eviction from paradise, or for that matt er Lithe, who according to Jewish mythology, is Dam's first wife and a succubus who sleeps with different men and strangles newborn babies. 21 All of those mythological stories show a rather misogynistic perception of women. No doubt, this influenced centuries to come and I would like to argue that it also influenced Shakespeare to write Macbeth.I am tempted to compare the play to the 2nd part of the history of creation in Genesis. The role of Lady Macbeth is similar to Eve's. To a certain extent both are temptresses. In both Genesis and the play, the characters do not realize the luck and â€Å"wealth† they are in, and finally yet importantly, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as well as Adam and Eve regret their actions in the end. To explain those three similarities further, one has to take a deeper look at both stories.Adam and Eve are told by God that they are allowed to eat any fruit in the Garden of Eden apart from the ones from the tree in the middle. None of the two trie s any of these fruits, until the devil in the disguise of a snake deceives Eve and tempts her into eating the forbidden fruit by telling her stories of the wisdom and knowledge she will gain from eating them. When she tries the fruit, she tempts and convinces Adam to do the same and try the forbidden fruit. Looking at the play of Macbeth, the same goes for Lady Macbeth.Instead of being tempted by the devil, it is the thought of her and her husband becoming royal that tempts her. She gives in to that temptation. The symbolical forbidden fruit here is the murder of King Duncan, ND Just as Eve convinces Adam to take a bite of the fruit, Lady Macbeth convinces her husband, who has doubts but believes in his â€Å"partner in greatness† Just as Adam believes in Eve, to conspire and ultimately kill Duncan and take the throne. The end of the stories have their own parallels. Adam and Eve's feelings of guilt derive from their betrayal of God's trust.When they eat the forbidden fruit t hey learn the feeling of shame, which finally makes them feel guilty for their crime. Due to the betrayal of God's trust they are expelled from Paradise and became mortal. On the other hand, we have Macbeth and his wife. Their betrayal is of a more complex kind. Not only do they betray the trust of others, but, more importantly, they also betray themselves. Their ambition makes them betray themselves and the guilt that springs from it gradually nags at them, makes them lose their mind, and in the end, it is their guilt and their actions that kill them.Perception of women throughout the middle ages, royals and the common people In the book Women Defamed and Women Defended, etymology studies to depict the roots of antihistamines tradition. In those studies, they compared men to women and decided that women were deformed men. 23 This fits he Christian idea that Eve was created from Dam's rib, thus she must have been a lesser version of a man. By reading through these sources the percep tion men had of women unravels before one's eyes.Even though time has passed by, the belief in those myths, as well as the hierarchy that followed these â€Å"bible† stories hasn't disappeared fully. SST John Chromosome, for example, was an advocate for chastity and censor of women and one of the strongest voices of his time to deny authority to women or the right to teach. His reason was that, since Genesis, men had had to be the highest ranked in the hierarchy. Thus, women should not be allowed to speak in church, because they can only learn in silence.According to him, God made women subject to men, and therefore their husbands should rule them. 25 This seemed to be the common truth, though, with exceptions if one looks a little deeper at queens or noble women. Lisa Benz explains in her book Three Medieval Queens that queens were looked upon as a version of Virgin Mary on earth and therefore had the same responsibilities, for one being a mother and giving birth to the next male heir but also being an intercessor. Mary being a mediator between Heaven and earth, made he Queen be the intercessor between the King and his people.She also explains that the Queen's duties were to act as a regent in case their King wasn't capable to rule, for example due to health issues or young age. Another of their duties was to help their King and other nobility to spy on rivals, help ignite conflicts or even wars, be of strategic help and help to spread information, whether false or true, to help the King achieve his goals, whatever those might be. 26 In my opinion, there are clear parallels between the duties and roles of a queen in the Middle Ages and Lady Machete's behavior.For starters, Lady Macbeth, Just like a queen, is ready to do anything in order to help her husband achieve his goals. It is easier to see the parallel by looking at one of her first statements, namely that he shall be King as he was promised, even though in her opinion he doesn't have the manhood to do what has to be done without her support. However, I think Lady Macbeth is capable of going much further than a usual queen would have. In the Middle Ages Theresa Rearrange says, queens that were sterile were shunned and even murdered.The fact that Macbeth and Lady Machete's relationship does not result in a child must Hereford be a vital reason for her to do everything possible to please her husband by helping him achieving what he strives for, even if it crosses his or other's boundaries. This shows Lady Machete's behavior to be that of a Queen, before she actually becomes one. Another parallel is Lady Machete's way of ruling. She is the one with the strategic head on her shoulders and plans the assassination on King Duncan.Moreover, she figures out the best way to shift the blame off them and onto somebody else by drugging and placing the dagger used to murder the King in the Kings officers' hands, all of this to wash her husband's and her hands clean of guilt. Another grea t example are the tales that were written in the book of the wiles of women. This book contained tales of women and their – so it seems – pathological misconduct, adultery, their sharp tongue that shifted the blame from them onto others and simply female deceit.Those were popular antihistamines anecdotes, and general perception turned to women being deceiving liars no man could or should trust. An interesting chapter on how a â€Å"good† wife was supposed to behave in the Middle Ages from Georges Dubos and Michelle Parrot's book A history of women bevels that women were lower in the hierarchy than their husbands. â€Å"Saint Thomas went as far as to say that the basic reason for getting married was to ensure a male figurehead for the education of the offspring. â€Å"29 The only function left for the woman/mother was to nurture the child.According to them, there was one point on which there was a unanimous agreement – that a good wife is one that takes care of the house. From Aristotle on there were two areas, which were divided between man and woman: production and conservation, where the men were the ones to be productive, while the women â€Å"conserved† what they had. 0 This explains the division between the house (the female domain) and everything that is outside of it (the male domain), leading to the woman managing the family and being responsible for her family behavior. 1 We can apply these characteristics to Lady Machete's behavior, but it becomes quickly apparent that Lady Macbeth is not the type who can be connected to adultery or sexual misbehaving. On the other hand the deception of her and her actions is enormous. She does however, not deceive her husband, as was the case in those earlier tales, but the ones who stand in their path to success, particularly King Duncan. Another point to be noted is the sharp tongue. This description fits her like a glove.Examples ranging from calling upon dark spirits to unsex es her to the harsh and insulting words she uses to convince her husband of murder are excellent proofs of her resolution and her capability of using her tongue to manipulate her husband or others into doing or believing what she says. Lady Macbeth seems to fit the description of a Queen or noblewoman very well. Her one shortcoming, apart from being childless, however, is opposed to what women were supposed to be. Lady Macbeth is a bad hostess.Not only is it her husband that plans social gatherings but it is she who plots the King's demise, when she should be the one to cater to the Kings needs. The Great Chain of Being and Macbeth Being a logical human being, the first instinct is to divide things into two without overlaps, but it is impossible to name a precise moment in history when, for example, the Middle Ages turned in the age of Renaissance. Thus we cannot say that the cultural and intellectual ideas, politics or for that matter other areas can be separated into two different chunks of history.Quit to the contrary, there are overlaps of two different ages. Shakespeare, who lived (1564 – 1616) during England's Renaissance, demonstrates this overlap in his play Macbeth which is a very good example of The Chain of Being's concept but, more importantly, the consequences of somebody disturbing precisely this chain. This so-called chain was actually a description of how our world and the beings in it are connected and in which order. This order was based on the proportions of â€Å"matter† and â€Å"spirit†.The more spirit a being had, the higher up the chain that being would be. Inanimate things in nature, such as for example minerals, were at the lowest end. Above them were plants, insects, and other creatures that weren't noble , like lions, bears or wolves. Then there came humans: the king, who back then was thought to be chosen by God, was the highest ranked among humans, and women were the ones who were lowest highest. Since God was the one to create the chain, it was of course unthinkable to disturb it. Repercussions and chaos could have been the outcome.Looking at the play, Macbeth and hereby Lady Macbeth disturb this chain by murdering King Duncan, who is the highest-ranked of all human beings. This regicide has to have consequences, and the fact that Duncan is a noble and good king cannot help that matter. This killing does actually demonstrate two disturbances of The Great Chain of Being, we have on one hand Macbeth committing regicide, but Lady Macbeth disturbs the chain by leaving her place in the hierarchy and placing herself higher than she should be. I would consider this first murder to a of catalyst for the rest of the misfortune to come.As the story continues, Macbeth loses his courage and hires other men to kill for him, while Lady Macbeth starts to fall apart and feel remorse. However, the death count continues and the bodies for whose death he is responsible pile up. Mayhem erupts throughout th eir kingdom, and it becomes apparent that The Great Chain of Being is more than Just disturbed. The expected chaos has come and it does not seem like anything could stop it. Even the horses are attacking each other, and the natural order breaks down as less noble creatures overcome the noble and stronger ones.Nobody sees Macbeth as a king; instead, â€Å"his† people are calling him the tyrant. While looking at the whole play from afar, death seems to be a motif that persists and shows the crimes Macbeth commits and the impact these crimes have upon The Great Chain of Being. His kingdom seems to be engulfed in a morbid atmosphere, as different animals appear that are associated tit death and decay, such as ravens. As the play continues and more of those morbid signs appear, Macbeth loses his mind and starts hallucinating. Having committed all those crimes, he induced his own phantasmagoria.In the end it isn't only his kingdom that falls apart, but also his relationship to Lady Macbeth and further on the abrupt cut with her, as she commits suicide. If he had not had committed those crimes, according to The Chain of Being, everything would have remained in equilibrium, and the kingdom would be in a state of order, but because he does, his kingdom turns into chaos. Conclusion Working in depth on this play, more specifically the female roles in it and the history regarding the perception of women, I have to conclude that the role of women in Macbeth cannot be described in simple words.While looking at the surface, the depiction of Lady Macbeth and the witches is evil and monstrous, but it should not be categorized as obvious. These women, Lady Macbeth as well as the witches, achieve their goals through dangerous, sinister and most importantly subtle manipulation. The prophecies the witches foretell are not straightforward but play on Machete's ambition and the way Lady Macbeth questions his manhood convinces IM of committing murder. The story would not unfol d the way it does without these women.Both parties, Lady Macbeth and the witches, are important driving forces behind what happens. The witches' counterparts are the Pearce, who controlled the thread of life, while Lady Machete's counterpart is Eve, who is blamed for the original sin – the fall of humankind and its expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Even today, Eve still stands as one of the ultimate examples that connect women and evil. The Middle Ages as well as the classical perception of women had an incredible influence

The liberal idealists position on the causes and prevention of war Research Paper

The liberal idealists position on the causes and prevention of war - Research Paper Example The realists believe that power struggle is the main cause of war, however, in order to avoid it, the leadership should have a common interest so that they struggle towards achieving the common goal. Potentially, conflict results from the disagreements involved in sharing power and resources. Since every leader targets specific issue in order to declare the interest in political leadership of a country. Failure to achieve the perceived interest would result into forceful struggle to grab resources for selfish gain which other opponents would not admit; hence the commencement of strife in a country. The argument is convincing since the leadership of every country is at present composed of the rich individuals who are ready to get richer at the expense of the poor who are getting poorer. This increases the gap between the rich and the poor within a country lowering economic development.

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

How does hierarchy within animation and manga production influence the Essay

How does hierarchy within animation and manga production influence the contents and stories of manga and anime - Essay Example During that time, the word manga was used to describe drawings. The present form of manga originated from America during the times of comic trips in the beginning of the 20th century (Schodt 1996: 22). Japan saw a big difference and impact of the American culture with amusing books and films being brought to entertain the occupation forces. After the World War II, new artist in the animation are sprouted in japan. These artists changed the manga rebranded it to new style to help television animation in Japan. Tekeza –artists- initially influenced by the Disney animations created a popular manga that was appealing to all ages. They created a broad variety of work from children to adult stories with moral heroes and peep plots. Among the Tezuka’s famous jobs of the time are Jungle Empire and Astro Boy. As the spirit of evolution of animation continued to rock Japan, a quality animation by Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki took over the market scene of animation. The film S pirited Away won her an Oscar due to the quality art work and the controversy of the female heroes in a society which is male dominated. Japanese animation (anime) and the comics (manga) have increasingly become popular in many countries. This is because the Japanese animation and comics have a different style to the other styles. The anime and the manga cover for all the categories of animation and contain genres that range from child to adult. The words animation, animator and animated are all derived from a Latin word ‘’animare† which means to give life to a nonliving thing. In the contest of video film, the word commonly refers to the act of artificial formation of impression of movement in animated forms and lines. Therefore, in definition the word means the practice of making an impression of movement which has been indirectly recorded in the convectional photographic sense from a film made by hand. However, it ought to be noted that this

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Marketing planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing planning - Essay Example The time when company started its business, only 20 smoothies were sold and this figure has increased up to 420,479 smoothies’ everyday which is a considerable achievement. Increasing sales, revenues and consumption of smoothies indicate that the quality of products offered by the company has been remarkable because of which Innocent Drinks is able to achieve a lot. Products offered by the company are made up of natural fruits and the quality management team makes sure that the fruits are fresh so that the quality of the products is maintained. Product life cycle is defined as the stage of the product as the life of the product increases, it moves from growth stage to maturity stage and then it starts declining (Kotler, 2009). Smoothies are at present during the growth stage of product lifecycle (Innocent). Products offered by Innocent Drinks are also at present in the growth stage and the increasing demand of smoothies represents further growth of the product. As the products offered by the company are still growing and generating substantial amount of revenues for Innocent Drinks. The market as well as the company is growing at the moment however major portion of the industry has been captured by Innocent Drinks with approximately 71% of the total market share. At a time when the market growth rate would decline, then Innocent Drinks can be considered as cash cow. Perceptual mapping shows that the products offered by Innocent Drinks are considered as of high quality and at the same time the prices of these products are believed to be relatively higher than the prices of competitors. Although some competitors are offering it at a lower price, but then the quality of products offered by these competitors is a question mark thus Innocent Drink is able to provide quality products at a relatively higher price. According to Ansoff Matrix the

Monday, August 26, 2019

Community Health Nurse Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Community Health Nurse Roles - Essay Example Due to the loss of renal functions, there are other conditions that develop which compound the problem making it hard for family members to take care of such a patient at home without serious healthcare support from hospitals. Such complications include anemia, acidosis: a condition where there is a lot of acid in the body fluids, high blood pressure, bone diseases, general cholesterol and fatty acids disorders( Couzos, 2004, pp.186-189; Deeble, 2003). It is medically known that such patients do require constant healthcare support which in many cases consists of constant monitoring, testing, and treatment through dialysis and in many cases these patients require on time kidney transplants (Australian Nursing Federation, 2009, pp.2-12). The problem of renal failure within the Australian aboriginal people has been attributed to many factors. However, the most outstanding and astonishing of all factors is the issue of inequality that exists within the Australian community based on certain aspects of society such as resource mobilization and distribution, basic human needs and rights provision, access to education and professional training, participation in national building, economic factors, social segregation and generally all forms of discriminative practices that have historically categorised these people as second-class citizens ( Couzos, 2004, pp.186-189; Deeble, 2003). This paper seeks to address the Community Health Nurse Roles and skills that are required to improve equity and access to Renal Healthcare for Australian Aboriginal peoples from a population health perspective. This is in response to the problems that have affected the aboriginals for many years without concrete approaches being put in place to address them. Primary health care refers to essential health care that is basic and is based on scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods combined with technology; is practically given, universally available and accessible to all individuals and families in a given community who need it(WHO, 2006).

Sunday, August 25, 2019

Comparing religion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparing religion - Research Paper Example In addition, the older religion clearly sets forth the controversy between science and religion in terms of creation and evolution. Many of today’s newer religions could be comparable to older regions as well. They both adhere to the same code of morality. Both also compliment science just like science compliments religion (Brill, 2012). The religious pluralism and interfaith movements would have an excellent impact not only on organized religion, but also on the community in the struggle to eradicate and curtail the problem of fundamentalism and the quest for religious dominance. The religion of pluralism and interfaith would lead into a world of peace and mutual understanding. The movements created by religious pluralism and interfaith would result into a common goal such as antiwar, antipoverty and increased social justice for all humanity. On the contrary, religious pluralism and interfaith would lead to increased anti-Christ in the future. This would probably lead to wars in the world. For instance, the negative effect of this can be drawn from the attacks carried out around the world by Jihadists (Brill,

Saturday, August 24, 2019

Education class for teaching profession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Education class for teaching profession - Essay Example al understanding in learners), Perennialism in action (brings literary tradition into the consideration that how it proves to be useful for learning) and Essentialism in action(focus is on reading, writing and computation) are the four segments through which she structures the learning experience. The carefully structured debate provides with various opportunities to learn, develop and construct knowledge. The various segments have their own significances and role to play when it comes to learning. Unfolding the learner, asking their opinions, standardized tests to check that whether they have met the target needs or not, focusing on individual learner’s need and inclusion of visual imagery suggests that learning will prove to be effective and fruitful. The information that teacher gathers from students debates is that it will help the teacher to understand the student’s background information the teacher might find easy to understand the students creative understanding. It will also help the teacher in order to collect the student’s background knowledge and inculcate it into the

Friday, August 23, 2019

ADR in England and Wales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

ADR in England and Wales - Essay Example This paper highlights that the most complex and far-reaching of these changes is a challenge to the traditional model of the lawyer as a manager of war — the strategic and skilful facilitation of peace now appears to be equally important. The increasing acceptance of ADR processes within civil litigation has immediate practical consequences for legal practice.   This paper outlines that reforms have been initiated in court proceedings and in the private sector as well in the UK and the whole of Europe, the impact of which can be seen and felt by all stakeholders. Tribunal Adjudication and Alternative Dispute Resolution Before starting an analysis of the new issues emerging from this shift in the provision of civil justice through alternative means in England and Wales, a thorough understanding of the related concepts of tribunal adjudication and alternative dispute resolution can help in enhancing? There is nothing new in the English legal system employing specialist tribunals to resolve disputes over a vast panorama of issues historically. There has been an over-crowding of cases because of the making of new kinds of laws such as ‘social security law’ since World War II. At present, tribunals negotiate over a quarter of a million cases each year, which equals more than the total of all County Court and High Court cases. The rol e of Tribunals is, therefore, crucial in the English court system because of the quantity of cases handled by them. They also play a significant part for their unique processes and means of adjudication. These tribunals differ from traditional civil and criminal courts in their missions and aims. The difference between courts and tribunals Difference between a ‘court’ and a ‘tribunal’ is that a tribunal is formed by Parliament in the same way a court hears specific grievances or particular issues of dispute.  

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Questions for Dr.Faustus Essay Example for Free

Questions for Dr.Faustus Essay Essay Questions for Doctor Faustus First complete draft, following MLA format, due Tuesday, Nov. 22. Be sure to have citations and a work cited. Dont forget that with poetry (some of Faustus is poetry, some is prose), you put act, scene, and line numbers in citations (4. 3. 19-22). You also put slash marks between lines. For example, here is a section from Act 4, scene 4, lines 100-101 of the play: Faustus. Whats here, an ambush to betray my life? skill. Base peasants, stand! Then Faustus, try thy If I quoted this in my paper I might put it like this: When soldiers approach Faustus, he says, Whats here, an ambush to betray my life? / Then Faustus, try thy skill (4. 4. 100-101). 1 . Can Faustus be both a hero and a villain? Guilty and good? Is there evidence in the text to support these views? 2. Discuss the theme of forbidden knowledge. What type of knowledge does Faustus want and why? 3. Discuss the themes of free will and predestination in the play. Is Faustus predestined to damnation? Why or why not? Is there a point of no return in Faustuss progress toward damnation? 4. The quest for forbidden knowledge usually leads the hero to corruption and a fall. How does Faustuss quest degrade him? How does he use his new power and knowledge? 5. What is the purpose of the sequence in the Popes palace? How is the Pope a double for Faustus? 6. Doctor Faustus is considered a tragedy. In Poetics, Aristotle proposes the classical definition of tragedy: a drama with a hero. According to his definition, would you consider Faustus a tragic hero? Does he have heroic qualities? What is his tragic flaw? Do you pity Faustus? Does his downfall evoke terror? 7. According to Dr. Arnold Schmidt of Vanderbilt University, Marlowes story illustrates the Renaissances prevalent belief that art should teach and delight, that is, be entertaining while simultaneously presenting a moral. In an essay discuss the following questions. Do you see Doctor Faustus as an art form that both teaches and delights the audience while simultaneously presenting a moral? Why or why not?

Support Speech, Language and Communication Needs of Young People Essay Example for Free

Support Speech, Language and Communication Needs of Young People Essay Early identification of speech, language and communication delay is extremely important as the chance of improving these skills are increased. Outside agencies can be informed and your child will receive the specialist support they require. If these delays are not identified the delay will continue and the child may suffer from lack of confidence and will more than likely experience emotional problems. Other aspects of development will also be affected, e.g. cognitive, social, emotional and behavioural. If a child does suffer from this type of delay there a number of outside agencies that would be involved. These include; Health visitor, speech and language therapists, play therapists and family doctor. During this time when late development is recognised the agencies to be firstly made aware of your concerns would be a health visitor or family doctor. If they thought your concerns were to be warranted they would contact other outside agencies and be capable of offering additional support. The specialised therapists would work together in constructing the correct pathway of help and support. When children are learning it has been proven that the method of play has been very successful. There are many ways in which play opportunities can support the development of a childs speech, language and communication.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Marketing Planning Is A Logical Sequence Of Events Marketing Essay

Marketing Planning Is A Logical Sequence Of Events Marketing Essay Marketing planning is a logical sequence of events leading to the setting of marketing objectives and a formulation of plans for achieving them. The complexity of marketing planning means that when organizations embark on it, they should expect to encounter a number of organizational, attitudinal, process and cognitive problems. First we have generally explained the process of and techniques used for auditing the marketing environment. Then we have carried out the Swot and Pest analysis of our selected organization CHIEF. Chief is a Pakistani owned fast food company that is committed to providing innovative products that are consumer and lifestyle focused. Chief Burger offers a wide and varied menu to customers specializing in quality burger chicken products. We have also generally discussed different internal and external barriers to marketing planning and make suggestion that how CHIEF may overcome these barriers to marketing planning. We have briefly discussed that according to w hich techniques CHIEF should audit the marketing environment. We have also discussed other possible marketing barriers which CHIEF may undertake and give suggestions to deal with these barriers. Finally we have evaluated the current auditing marketing technique which CHIEF is practicing against the defined process and on these analysis, recommended some suggestions to CHIEF that may better overcome the threats and avail opportunities in the environment. P1: Explain the processes and techniques used for auditing the marketing environments. Environmental Audit   Background Companies conduct environmental audits to obtain accurate comprehensive and meaningful information for the company through which companys management can make important decisions and make new strategies. A companys management decisions are heavily based on environmental audit.    Planning an Environmental Audit   Companies must have a clear idea of their objectives before conducting an environmental audit. Before conducting the audit they should also take full commitments from directorate level and should then communicate it to personnel at all levels.  Ã‚   PROCESS OF MARKETING AUDIT Basically there are following four steps involved in the process of marketing audit. A: Selecting the Auditor: in this stage of marketing audit the decision is taken about the auditor that who will conduct the overall process of auditing. Usually an experienced outside party is hired for this purpose.   B: Deciding the Areas of Audit: the second step is deciding the areas of audit. In these step objectives goals and mainly scope and breadth of the audit are decided. C: Identifying and Collecting Data: in this step the auditors usually identifies and categorizes the sources of data thus using these sources further data is collected. D: Report Preparing and Presentation: the last step involves the preparing of data. After it is completed and thoroughly checked it is further provided and presented to the client. The process of marketing audit is very broad and extensive in nature in a way that it includes almost all marketing related aspects. It basically includes marketing environment marketing strategy marketing organization marketing systems marketing mix, marketing productivity and profitability. Kotlers and Armstrong, 2008 Marketing environment is very wide in nature. Basically it includes microenvironment and macro environment. So for the auditing purpose different tools are used which may include SWOT analysis STEEPLED analysis and Five Forces Analyses etc. There are also several other purposes and benefits of marketing audit. A number of these are stated as under: Determination of Work Process: one of the main purposes of marketing audit is that it is very beneficial in determining the working process. It determines and evaluates that what the company or firm is currently doing and assesses its history of work that what it has done in its past? Future Recommendations: marketing audits center of attention is its future recommendations for the firm. It bases its research for this purpose and accordingly provides useful recommendation for the future mechanisms. Thus it is not only useful for historical or current processes but it is also used for following sessions of business. Opportunity Hunting and exploiting them: likewise marketing audit it also pretty useful in hunting the opportunities that the firm can exploit. Thus different opportunities can be availed with proper handling. Similarly it can also identify the source to be used for availing those opportunities.   Weakness Eradicator: Nipping the evil in the buds would not be wrong if referred with marketing audit. Marketing audit not only helps in eliminating the current weaknesses but is also helpful in recognizing the weaknesses that the firm can face in future. Thus with the help of marketing audit proper plans can be set up for eradicating both the current and future weaknesses. Enhancement in Marketing Planning: marketing audit also plays a pivotal role in enhancing the marketing plan. It brings improvement in the marketing plan of a firm as required which results in making the firm more successful and thus it can work more efficiently and effectively. Similarly marketing audit is also very significant because: Marketing audit is really helpful in improving marketing efficiency and effectiveness. Moreover it brings proper awareness throughout the firm about its environment. It supports building of internal relationship in the firm. Similarly it is helpful in identifying ill-used marketing resources and thus preparing a proper plan for their favorable use. It is used for prognosis and diagnosis purpose, similarly for preventive and curative purposes. It also identifies several areas of accomplishment and the foreseeable challenges that are found in an organization which are a cause of affecting return on investment (ROI).  Ã‚   In short marketing audit provides a snapshot of the whole marketing process of an organization Internal Environmental Audit Following are some of the internal environmental factors which affect the organizations. Customers The customers of the organization are the micro environmental factor that affects the business environment. The customer is the king in this era and the organization has to create strategies  Ã‚   keeping in mind the customers. The cash and loss that are made by the organization are on the basis of customers.  Ã‚   Employees Employees are the main tools of a company. A capable and efficient staff of an organization gets edge over its rival. The staff of an organization will work efficiently if they are motivated so the employees must be motivated in order to create and maintain quality of the organizations products or services. Suppliers Suppliers also affect the organization environment. A bad quality of supply can degrade the quality of product that the company is providing. A good contact with supplier is important in order to receive raw materials at time and at right cost with best quality. Shareholders Shareholders are the important stakeholders of large companies. These are the significant parties as they can have an effect on the organization in many ways. For example: the shareholders can sue the company on wrongful acts. The organization must take shareholders in account because such parties can push the public limited company to a private limited company like PTCL.   Media The organization must take media into account while auditing the environmental factors of the organization. Wrong steps or statements taken and spoken by the organization can put itself into a situation. Bad publicity can be spread by the media. Sometime the media comes handy for the organization by promoting its products etc.   Competitors Competitors have to be taking into account as this micro environmental factor can help the organization to make fruitful decisions. The organization must keep keen eye on its competitors and should notice its practices. An important info can be received by the competitors that will help the organization. Publics: Publics are usually any groups that keeps stake in the organizations operational activities and objective accomplishment capabilities. Internal Publics, General Publics , Media Publics, Financial Publics, Government Publics etc. are the some types of publics. These must also be monitored while conducting environmental audit. Different Auditing techniques    Every business wants to know where it stands in the market along with the position of its competitors. For this purpose, following are some of the tools that help businesses for this purpose:   1) SWOT Analysis: SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The SWOT analysis helps in knowing your strengths and weakness and also helps an organization figure out what its major threats are along with the areas where opportunities for success can be exploited.    2) Ansoffs Matrix: Ansoffs Matrix is used by for knowing the growth in the market. This matrix allows marketers to find ways for growing the business by existing and/or new products, in existing and/or new markets. This matrix helps companies decide what course of action should be taken given current performance of the company. It consists of four groups i.e. market penetration, product development, market development and diversification.   3) The Boston Consulting Group or BCG Matrix: BCG Matrix has two controlling aspect namely relative market share meaning relative to the competition and market growth. This matrix performs similarly to the Ansoff Matrix in that it lets the organization know the growth that is taking place within the market of a particular product.    4) Core Competencies: Core competencies are techniques that deliver value to the customer. It gives potential access to a extensive variety of markets. It should make an important contribution to the supposed customer benefits of the end product.    5) Gap analysis: Gap analysis helps the organization in knowing where they are now and where they want to be in the recent future with the help of deciding business strategies and tactics. There is a simple structure to be followed in Gap analysis:   The first step is to decide on which factors will Gap be judged on. For example, by market share, profit, sales and some other factor. The second step is to ask two questions; where are we now? And where do we want to be?    6) PEST analysis: The PEST analysis is used in the process of environmental scanning. It gives an overview of the different macro environmental factors that the company has to take into consideration. It is a helpful strategic tool for perceptive market growth or decline, potential, business position and direction for operations.  The Factors are:   Political factors Economical factors Social factors Technological factors 7) Value Chain Analysis: The value chain analysis is a technique used in knowing about the development of competitive advantages and the different activities, which help in creating value. The primary activities involved are inbound logistic, service, marketing and sales, operations etc and the support activities are technological development and human resource management.    P2: Apply organizational and environmental auditing techniques in a given situation. CHIEF BURGER Mission Statement: Chief will be a leading Pakistani owned fast food company that is committed to providing innovative products that are consumer and lifestyle focused. We will achieve this by meeting our customer expectations Chief Burger offers a wide and varied menu to customers specializing in quality burger chicken products. They now offer products that have appeal to all ages and tastes including the sizzling steak, Chicken cheese burger, special chief pizza and chicken chow Mein to name a few. SWOT PEST ANALYSIS OF CHIEF BURGER SWOT Analysi A SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats involved in a project or in a business venture or in any situation of an organization requiring a decision in pursuit of an objective. It involves the monitoring of internal and external market environment to the organization. Strengths: Chief burgers has got strong corporate image and brand name because they are the pioneer of fast food in Peshawar Chief Burgers has got strong market share as compare to its competitors. It has got low prices for both high and middle class people Chief Burgers special cheese burger, chicken steak burger, are one of its strengths because no other restaurant in Peshawar provides these kinds of burger with such quality and low prices One of the strengths of Chief Burgers is its location because its located in the center of university road. It has equal distance from Hayatabad and sadder. Location of Chief Burgers is also a center of attraction due to Jawad Towers, City Towers. People come to shop and diner or lunch at near by in chief Chief Burgers has a competitive edge over others in prices because it has lower prices than its competitors which are KFC and Pizza Hut Chief Burgers has loyal and trust worthy customers Chief Burgers offers maximum number of food variety Chief Burgers has minimum advertising budget but still has largest market share Weaknesses: Chief Burgers is not providing home delivery It is not providing any packages for kids and students Chief Burgers is not paying any attention to its promotional mix There is no special services like Pizza Hut i.e. it serves the customers a pizza within 19 minutes failing which customers are offered a free pizza There is no female employee to serve females thats the reason why most females are unwilling to eat at chief There is no car parking area which discourages people who have their own transport There is no departments integration Chief Burgers isnt providing any kind of entertainment facilities for kids and teenagers Opportunities: Chief Burgers has the opportunity to open new outlets nation wide because of the finance available and brand name Chief Burgers can introduce home delivery system Chief Burgers can use media for its advertisements like giving ads at TV Channels Participation in exhibition and fun fairs by stalls at different schools, colleges and universities can increase the sales Better use of customer information by the use of databases and home deliveries Threats: The expansion of low cost super markets. Pizza hut and KFC are providing free home deliveries, providing the best service which is creating a good and strong quality image in the eyes of their customers. Increase of local restaurants providing great variety of local food, due to which chief is losing its new customers. Different union strikes affects the business of Chief Burgers Threats of different pressure groups and food inspectors Chief Burger PESTLE Factors PESTLE analysis is a useful strategic tool for understanding market growth or decline, business position, potential and direction for operations. The headings of PEST are a framework for reviewing a situation, and can in addition to SWOT be applied by companies to review strategic directions, including marketing proposition. The use of PESTLE analysis can be seen effective for business and strategic planning, marketing planning, business and product development and research reports. PESTLE also ensures that companys performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment PESTLE is useful when a company decides to enter its business operations into new markets and new countries. The use of PESTLE, in this case, helps to break free of unconscious assumptions, and help to effectively adapt to the realities of the new environment Political factor: Chief Burger is a member of chamber of commerce of Pakistan It has a valid license with patent protection The employee pay is not less than 5000 according to the ordinance of 2006 Being a member of chamber of commerce Chief Burger cant set prices below its productivity because of anti dumping legislations It repels monopoly market and creates a perfect market for its competition If competition comes in the market Chief Burger can not cover proper advertisement techniques as they lack in marketing department. In contrast the competitors (KFC, Pizza Hut) can cover it easily Chief Burger can easily cope with certain fluctuating political changes much better than other because its the member of chamber of commerce Economical factors: Chief Burger has an economical benefit of cheap labor Because of high inflation rate of consumer price index according to (http:www.world66.com)which is 15.8% results in the expenses of raw material and other supplies Per capita income according to www.pakpostive.com has decreased by 50% in the last two years. Therefore Chief Burger as a business is getting loss straight away through market sales Social factors: Chief Burger can not sell products which are banned in Islam like ham burgers and alcoholic drinks Due to the culture and traditions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, most people dont like to hang out with families in restaurants which affects Chief Burgers sales Chief Burger inevitably built separate portion for families due to social trend Most people are used to eating conventional food like (Charsi Tikaa, Jalil Kabab) etc therefore the sales of chief burger is affected somewhat. Technological factors: Chief Burger uses two kinds of databases for record keeping and interpretations of data 1.MS SQL database system for main office 2.interpretation and simple calculation machine for daily record keeping and calculations Technologically Chief Burger has improved its revenue through internet reservations on website www.chief.com.pk in which information is given about the products portfolio Chief Burger uses the following cooking equipments effect of which is clear in the quality products it produces. 1-Hani Pani for pizza making 2-Electric Meat Grinder 3-Electric Cheese Smelter for pizza 4-Ice Machine Flakers 5-Electric Coffee Brewer 6-Electric Ovens 7-Electic Dish Washer Legal factors: It has a valid license with patent protection. They have valid license for fast food restaurant from local authorities. They have outstanding record in the book of food inspectors. Member of all frontier Hotel restaurant association. They have good coordination with local security organization, police etc for better security of citizens. They have valid work permit at the place Jawad plaza. They have proper contract with supplier, employees and other stakeholders. Environmental factors: The chief has very ethical way of business. They have neat and clean environment. Facilities of public hall as well as family hall according to the tradition of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are on the sound place in terms of environment (University road university town). Very friendly environment as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is known for hospitality. P3: Identify the main barriers to marketing planning BARRIER A barrier is an obstruction that prevents the coming-into-force of a exacting measure or causes holdup in its implementation. Barriers can be inflexible or flexible, the latter being able to be conquer given sufficient time or resources. Land use measures be likely to face more inflexible barriers than, say management or information measures. Types of barrier: Barriers can be moreover positive or negative. A positive barrier occurs when one of the objectives of the strategy limits the ability of a measure to accomplish other objectives. Environmental restraints are examples, and their burden could well improve the measure or its performance. By contrast, a negative barrier, such as insufficient legislation, may cause delays and surplus costs in the implementation of the measure. The negative barriers can be assembled into three categories: Legal and institutional: short of legal powers to put into practice a particular measure, and legal responsibilities which are crack between agencies, limiting the capability of the city authority to implement the exaggerated measure; Financial: budget restrictions warns the overall expenses on the strategy, financial restrictions on precise measures, and limitations on the elasticity with which revenues can be used to finance the full variety of measures; Political and cultural aspects: deficient of political or public acceptance of a measure, limits imposed by pressure groups, and cultural trait, such as attitudes to enforcement, which power the effectiveness of measures. Political barriers Governments from time to time place limitations on trade, preventing entry into the marketplace. Sometimes, governments make the trade in of certain goods unbeneficial by placing duties on the imports. Other times, governments do not let goods into the country at all. Duties are used by governments to defend developing industries that cannot yet compete with other industries abroad. Goods are banned for a variety of political causes. Occasionally the products are seen as harmful to the customers. Other political barriers are in retribution to barriers put by other countries. TECHNOLOGICAL BARRIERS Technology manipulates all aspects of a peoples life. Barriers in technology can be clear, like teachers who are deficient in funding and support, or people in countries with governments that inflict restriction by blocking complete asses to the Internet. Barriers can also be more revolutionary, like the commercialization of application and software which go beside the open-source collective strength that constrains technology to new heights. Financial barriers Standard of living often depends on the sum of money a person has to pay out and invest. Many ordinary activities that can get better ones standard of living, such as going to college, opening a business, buying a house, roving and buying a car, require a important amount of financial resources. When high expenses make a certain activity hard to afford, it is measured a financial barrier. Financial barriers can occur in many dissimilar contexts and have an effect on individuals, families and businesses. An individual can face a financial barrier any time, choose not to do something because of its cost. ECONOMIES OF SCALE The boost in  efficiency of production  as the numeral of goods  being produced raises.  Typically, a company that accomplishes economies of scale lowers the standard cost per unit through amplified production since fixed costs are shared over an increased number of merchandises.   Internal and External Economies of Scale Alfred Marshall made a difference between internal and external economies of scale. When a company decreases costs and increases production, internal economies of scale have been accomplished. External economies of scale arise outside of a firm, within an industry. Thus, when an industrys capacity of operations expands due to, for example, the formation of a better shipping network, resulting in a ensuing reduce in cost for a business working within that industry, external economies of scale are said to have been accomplished. With external ES, all firms within the industry will advantage. CUTURAL BARRIERS Cultures give people with customs of thinkingways of seeing, hearing and interpreting the world. Thus the similar words can mean dissimilar things to people from different cultures, even when they speak the same language. Stella Ting-Toomey describes 3 ways in which culture obstructs with effective cross-cultural understanding. Primary is what she named cognitive constraints. These are the edges of orientation or world analysis that gives a backdrop that all new information is evaluated to or inserted into. The 2nd one is behavior constraints. every culture has policies about appropriate manners which have an effect on spoken and nonverbal statement. Whether one seems the other individual in the eye-or not; whether one says what one means openly or talks around the matter; how close the people position to each other when they are talkingall of these and many more are regulations of politeness which vary from culture to culture. The third one is emotional constraints. Different cultures control the display of emotion in a different way. Some cultures get extremely arousing when they are discussing an issue.   They shout, they weep, they show their annoyance, fear, aggravation and other feelings explicitly. Other cultures attempt to remain their emotions concealed, exhibiting or sharing only the rational or truthful feature of the situation. SOCIAL BARRIERS Social barriers are simply layers that we have built around ourselves to protect us from the outside world, they are barriers we put up when meeting new people which protect us from being emotionally hurt when talking to others. Introverted people arent actually introverts at all, but rather extroverts who have many social barriers inside their head that stop them from saying certain things. COMMUNICATION BARRIERS An effective communication barrier is one of the troubles faced by many companies. Many social psychologists speak out that there is 50% to 70% loss of meaning while transforming the messages from a sender to a receiver. They approximate there are four basic places where communication could be understand wrongly. Little barriers of effective communication in an association are given below. Physical Barriers One of the main barriers of communication in a place of work is the physical barrier. Physical barriers in a company include large working areas that are physically alienated from others. Other interruptions that could cause a physical barrier in an association are the environment, background noise Language incapability to talk in a language that is known by both the sender and receiver is the utmost barrier to effective communication. When a person uses unsuitable words while conversing or writing, it could lead to confusion between the sender and a receiver. Emotions emotions might be a barrier to communication if you are absorbed in your emotions for several reasons. In such cases, you tend to have problem listening to others or accepting the message expressed to you. A small number of the emotional interferences include aggression, annoyance, resentfulness and terror. Lack of Subject Knowledge If an individual who sends a message shorts subject information then he may not be able to transmit his message obviously. The receiver could get the wrong idea of his message, and this could direct to a barrier to effective communication. Stress One of the key communication barriers faced by workers in most of the organization is stress. When an individual is under huge stress, he may find it hard to understand the message, foremost to communication deformation. At the point of stress, our psychological frame of mind depends on our viewpoints, experiences, objectives and principles. Thus, we fall short to understand the spirit of communication. P 4: Suggest how organizations may overcome barriers to marketing planning Planning is a logical sequence of events leading to the setting of marketing objectives and a formulation of plans for achieving them. The complexity of marketing planning means that when organizations embark on it, they should expect to encounter a number of organizational, attitudinal, process and cognitive problems. This essay is an attempt to outline some of those problems; however it is beyond this essay to clarify all possible barriers in implementing a marketing plan. CHIEF can overcome all these possible barriers to marketing planning by making objective, strategies, marketing plans and implementing those strategies. Manager need to instruct and demonstrate that how in cooperation they can achieve the strategies, shared the values of marketing, organizational structure should reflect customer groups and by undertaking effective process of marketing audit and techniques. M 1: Make an effective judgment  that how will the studied organization  audit the marketing environment The process of marketing audit is very broad and extensive in nature in a way that it includes almost all marketing related aspects. It basically includes marketing environment, marketing strategy, marketing organization, marketing systems, marketing mix, marketing productivity and profitability. CHIEF, a Pakistani owned fast food restaurant that is committed to providing high quality products to consumers and achieving this by customer expectations. The current position of CHEIF is good in Market also the CHEIF attract customers but have to do a lot. During our analysis and meeting with the manager (CHIEF), we come to know that CHIEF is not using any type of marketing audit techniques and they do not have any marketing specialized people and even they didnt studied their market right. They didnt undertake such common things like competitors strength, market share, opportunities, technological factors, threats economic factors etc. CHIEF is suffering a lot in the market because increasing of local restaurants providing great variety of local food, due to which chief is losing its new customers. CHIEF is not taking promotional aspect seriously for their products due to which they are loosing their customers because the lack of awareness. CHIEF main direct competitors are international fast food restaurants (Kfc, Pizza Hut) having a strong brand image and known for high quality products, providing pizzas in minimum time and locally direct competitors are Thames Burger, Masooms restaurant, Mr. Cod etc. The effects of direct customers are that these organizations are selling products that are similar in nature. There is a high level of competition in the market among those organizations in order to get more and more market share. The organization specializes in similar product line which forces the organization to produce more quality in the products and sell at low prices The indirect competitors of CHIEF are Shiraz Restaurants, Lasania, Usmania, Balana, Charsi Tikka Shop, Dawat, Namak Mandi Food Street etc The indirect competitors effect the competition. These businesses provide similar items that can satisfy the need of the customers  I-e appetite. So it extends the competition level even more as the organization starts struggle to grab more and more market share and increase its selling. CHIEF is heavily struggling in order to take market le