An edifice for Oedipus Essay Example For Students

A building for Oedipus Essay The main thing you notice about the space is the amount of it there is. Entering the bank hall in Philadelphias Packard Building, the Wilma Theaters propelled off-site scene for its present creation of Oedipus the King (going through May 1), resembles entering the Parthenon the scale and extents of the engineering connive to deliver a feeling of wonder that is both rousing and lowering. Two lines of enormous cream-hued marble segments flank the immense rectangular corridor, supporting a complicatedly coffered 35-foot-high roof. The Ionic segments take the eye on a lofty walk down the 140-foot length of the space to the 30-advance focal flight of stairs, which offers up a design greeting for an imperial stupendous passageway. So whats the Wilma, a little performance center with a notoriety for serious closeness, doing in a spot this way? Greek catastrophe, that is the thing that. The divine beings wouldnt fit At the point when co-imaginative executive Blanka Zizka began pondering coordinating Oedipus after her dads passing two years prior, she knew the play, with its deplorable saint, prophets, divine beings and chorale, couldn't be wedged into her 100-seat house on Sansom Streetor into the companys typical four-week practice period. It was very certain that I was unable to do it in that space, she declares, on account of the claustrophobic ceilingthe divine beings would not fit in there. Instead of downsizing her vision, Zizka chose to prepare to stun the world, permitting the giganticness of the play to energize her and her staff into looking past the limits of standard creation rehearses. I understood I needed to make an occasion, the chief proceeds, something extraordinary. We were facing a major challenge, since indeed, it costs a great deal of moneybut on account of our fervor, we were additionally ready to energize some subsidizing sources. The biggest of a few undertaking explicit commitments, $50,000, originated from the Philadelphia-based William Penn Foundation. The chase for an other space worthy of the highest possible praise was the first and most laborious advance. Subsequent to considering and afterward dismissing a portion of the more customary extra large execution spaces in Philadelphia, (for example, the Great Hall at the University of the Arts where the Peoples Light and Theater Company introduced Achilles last season), Wilma creation supervisor Neil Kutner set about looking into the many void structures downtown. Last September he started a meticulous square by-square chase, taking note of down real estate professionals numbers and making scores of calls. As force at the Wilma began to work for the Packard Building, its real estate agent from the outset appeared to be scarcely inspired by a transient rental, however Kutners relentless, serene conversations persuaded him regarding the potential exposure benefits. When the play closes, about 9,000 individuals will have gone through a few hours in his space, upstairs in the entryway, yet ground floor where they will have visited the rest rooms and gotten an opportunity to visit the vault. Extra exposure will have been created by the creation through a city-wide arrangement of courses and talks on Oedipus supported by a $47,000 award from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Following three months of consistent arrangements, the Wilma was at last permitted to lease the bank for a quarter of a year for the great total of $10. With the rent marked, the following need became changing the unfilled hall into a theater, an endeavor that would cost generally $80,000. By a random new development, Jacobs Pillow, the Massachusetts-based move moderator, had been searching for a Philadelphia space for a progression of shows in May and marked on as accomplices in the undertaking, contributing assets to help with the change. Notwithstanding building wooden risers to oblige 280 seats for the crowd, a raised stage and lighting brackets must be raised. Since the structure itself is on the notable register, genuine basic changes were not feasible. .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 , .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .postImageUrl , .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 , .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:hover , .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:visited , .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:active { border:0!important; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:active , .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:hover { obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-beautification: underline; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enrichment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0 460117c4c1080 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u2b2007e163f916603c0460117c4c1080:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: White theater execution essayAnd then there was the issue of acoustics; in the huge, marble space, sound at first reverberated for near 10 seconds. A recommendation by business supervisor Lori Ott incited the performance center to find the texture Ariane Mnouchkine hung in the Brooklyn Armory to improve acoustics for her Les Atrides. The hunt took them from the Brooklyn Academy of Music to Canadait appeared that BAM had obtained the texture from the Montreal Festival de Theater des Amerigues, where the work had its North American debut. At an expense of $2,000, fifteen 20-foot-by-40-foot bits of imperial purple corduroy were delivered to Philadelphia and hung deliberately along the dividers. Frozen shadows At the point when I show up to visit a practice in mid-March, three weeks before opening, the transformation is astoundingly finished. Reaching out from the base of the flight of stairs, a high, sculptural divider the shade of the lobbys marble segments has been cut by set creator Andrei Efremoff with human-molded melancholies summoning Hiroshima or Pompeiithe froze shadows of lives solidified in the moment of death. To the backup of Adam Wernicks percussive score, the chorusan ethnically differing gathering of eight men and womenspeak-drones its initial regret as one before this crying mass of anguish and misfortune: Pain torment my distresses have no solid/no name no word no torment like this/plague burns my kin wherever/spirits jumping endlessly they fly/to the shore/of the cool divine force of night. Stephen Berg and Diskin Clays wonderful, instinctive Oxford University Press interpretation considers forward the rhythms of Wernicks music and Zizkas adapted movement. Finding extra practice time to investigate the chorale was a need for Zizka, who made an exceptional workshop where the tune individuals, every neighborhood on-screen character, met once per week for about two months before the vital entertainers were acquired. The workshop additionally gave interpreter Berg, in like manner a Philadelphian, the chance to hear text and music together and make various changes in accordance with the content. The day of my visit, the vital entertainers and chorale are at long last together in front of an audience in the Packard Building just because. It likewise happens to be the Saturday of the Blizzard of 93, and the sound of the breeze thundering outside could be furious divine beings or the Furies. Contents close by, Olek Krupa and Ching Valdes-Aran, who play Oedipus and Jocasta, and Jerry Matz and Jack Davidson, who partition different jobs, sit on collapsing seats at the base of a tremendous gold entrance at the base of the flight of stairs. As the understanding continues, Krupa starts to investigate the huge space with his incredible voice, and the clearness of the sound vouches for the achievement of Mnouchkines wraps. It seems as though the tremendousness of the space is applying a characteristic power on the entertainers, requesting they settle on bigger and bigger decisions. Zizka concurs that space and acting style are inseparably related: The certainties that we are searching for, the feelings and the interests and the explicitness of the minutes should be externalized your entire body needs to live it, the signal needs to convey and associate with the space. When Kreon comes back to Thebes with the prophets prediction, he recommends to Oedipus they talk secretly, inside the royal residence. Oedipus reacts, Stop. Let's assume it. Let's assume it to the entire city. As of now, space and character become one: Righteously persuaded of his own honesty with respect to the diseases cause, Oedipus won't permit the conversation to slip in secret, requesting an open discussion for his request. The marble segments and coffered roof overshadowing Oedipus become an augmentation of this ruler, significant of his appalling height and his unbudging emphasis on keeping the activity in the open eye. How fitting that his show be played

Tutorial Linguistic Essay Example for Free

Instructional exercise Linguistic Essay I. Phonetics investigation Phonetic Pitfalls targets settling a few issues of sentence significance by recognizing what issues there is. Which means Incompleteness(éâ€"•ç ¾ ©): absence of reference point (parameter), and the sentence importance gets deficient. Ambiguity(æ ­ §Ã§ ¾ ©): more than one importance in an articulation, and the setting can't show which meaning it alludes to. Vagueness(Ã¥  «Ã¦ · ·): some relative terms doesn't have an obvious limit, and the articulation gets insignificant. Reification(Ã¥ ¯ ¦Ã¥Å"â€"): a theoretical name is utilized as solid name, and it might stirs disarray. Hued Expression(è'â€" è‰ ²): a circumstance is portrayed by emotive terms without reason or clarifications Idiosyncratic Sense(ç™â€"ç ¾ ©): utilize an irregular importance without clarification or declaration Regardless of whether it submits phonetic traps, we need to distinguish on the off chance that it offenses the PRINCIPLE and damages out reasoning. II. Activities Recognize which traps they submit with legitimizations. 1. æÿ Ã¨ ­ °Ã¥ ¡Ã¨ ¢ «Ã¦â€° ¹Ã¨ ©â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¨ ¦ ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¯ ¼Å"æÿ Ã¨ ­ °Ã¥ ¡Ã§â€º'è ª Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ « ±Ã¯ ¼Å"ä ¸ ¦Ã¤ ¸Ã¨ ª ªÃ¯ ¼Å¡Ã£â‚¬Å"ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹ä º ºÃ¨ ¦ ªÃ¤ ¸ ­Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã§ â€ Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã§â€¢ ¶Ã§â€ž ¶Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬  2. æˆ'çÅ"‹éÿ嚇æÅ"Æ'Ã¥ ­Ã¯ ¼Å"å› ç‚ ºÃ¦Ë†'Ã¥ ¿Æ'è… ¸Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½â€ Ã¤ ½ ä ¸ Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦ ¨ £Ã¯ ¼Å"ä ½ æ˜ ¯Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¦ ¿ «Ã¦Æ'… 〠Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¦ËœÃ¥ â€"Ã¥ ½ ±Ã©Ã¿ ¿Ã£â‚¬â€š 3. Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¦ ª ¢Ã¨Ë†â€°Ã¥ ®ËœÃ¨ ³ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¯ ¼Å"å… ‹æžâ€"é æ‰ ¿Ã¨ ª Ã¦' «Ã¦' ¸Ã¤ »â€"ä º ºÃ¨Æ' ¸Ã©Æ' ¨Ã¥ Å¡Ã§ § Ã¨â„¢â€¢Ã¤ » ¥Ã¥Ë† ºÃ¦ ¿â‚¬Ã¤ »â€"ä º ºÃ¦â‚¬ §Ã¦ ¬ ²Ã¯ ¼Å"æ˜ ¯Ã¦â‚¬ §Ã©â€"Å"ä ¿â€šÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã©Æ' ¨Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½â€ Ã§â€¢ ¶Ã¨ ³ ªÃ¥â€¢ Ã¤ »â€"Ã¥ ° Ã¥  £Ã¤ º ¤Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§Å"‹æ ³â€¢Ã¦Ëœ ¤Ã¯ ¼Å"ä »â€"ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥â€  Ã¥ ¼ ·Ã¨ ª ¿Ã¯ ¼Å"Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥â€¦ ¶Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã§ ¾ ©Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¯ ¼Å"Ã¥  £Ã¤ º ¤Ã¤ ¸ Ã§ ®â€"æ€ §Ã©â€"Å"ä ¿â€šÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã©Æ' ¨Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ »â€"與è Å¡Ã¦ º «Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥Ã¿ ºÃ¦ ²'æÅ"‰æ€ §Ã©â€"Å"ä ¿â€šÃ£â‚¬â€ š 4. ä ¸ »Ã¥ ¸ ­Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦ » ¿Ã¨ ¨ËœÃ¨â‚¬â€¦ çš„æ  Ã¥â€¢ Ã¨ ª ªÃ¯ ¼Å"ã€Å"ä ½ å€'Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ¥ « ©Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¥â€¢ Ã© ¡Å"Ã¥ ¤ ªÃ§ ° ¡Ã¥â€" ®Ã¯ ¼Å"æÅ"‰æ™‚æ›'æ˜ ¯Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§Å"ÿ。〠 5. æÿ Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¤ »â€"çš„æ› ¸Ã£â‚¬Å¡Ã©â€ Å"陋的ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹ä º ºÃ£â‚¬â€¹Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦Å"‡å‡ ºÃ¯ ¼Å"ã€Å"ä ¸ ­Ã¥Å"‹ä º ºÃ¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€ Å"陋的〠Ã¯ ¼Å"ä ½ è ª Ã¥ Å"Ã¥â€"Žï ¼Ã¿ 6. é› »Ã¨ ¨Å¡Ã¥â€¦ ¬Ã¥  ¸Ã¥ » £Ã¥'šï ¼Å¡Ã£â‚¬Å"æâ€" °Ã¨ ¨Ë†Ã¥Å¡Æ'æ ¯ Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã© ËœÃ¤ ¾ ¿Ã¥ ®Å"ï ¼Ã¦ ¯â€ºÃ©Å" ¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬  7. æÿ Ã¨ ¶â€¦ Ã¥ ¸â€šÃ¥ » £Ã¥'šè ª Ã§â€š ºÃ¯ ¼Å"è ² ¨Ã¥ Ã¦ ¸â€ºÃ¥Æ' ¹Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã§â€š ºÃ¤ ½ å€'æ ¶Ë†Ã¨ ² »Ã¨â‚¬â€¦ æâ€" ¥Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¨ ³ ºÃ©Å" ¢Ã£â‚¬â€š 8. é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã© 'Ã¥ ¹'(80Ã¥ ¾Å")æ˜ ¯Ã¥  ¯Ã¦â‚¬â€¢Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥â€¹â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€šÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã¥ ­ Ã£â‚¬â€š 9. çÆ' ¹Ã© £ ªÃ¦â€¢â„¢Ã¥ ¸ «Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¦Å¾Ë†Ã¥ ­ ¸Ã§Ã¿Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¤ ½â€¢Ã§â€¦ ®Ã¦Å¾'é ª ¨Ã¦â„¢â€šÃ¯ ¼Å"æÅ"‡å‡ ºÃ¯ ¼Å¡Ã£â‚¬Å"è ¦ Ã¥Å¡ å… ¥Ã©  ©Ã©â€¡ Ã§Å¡â€žÃ© ¹ ½Ã¥'Å"ç ³â€"。〠 10. æ› ¼Ã¨  ¯Ã§â„¢ ¼Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ¦Å"‡å‡ ºÃ¯ ¼Å"Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"é ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã©â€šâ‚¬Ã¨ «â€¹Ã¦â€º ¼Ã¨  ¯Ã¥Ë† °Ã© ¦â„¢Ã¦ ¸ ¯Ã¤ ½Å"è ³ ½Ã¯ ¼Å"Ã¥ ¿â€¦ Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¦' ¾Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¤ ¸ »Ã¥Å¡â€ºÃ§ Æ'Ã¥ ¡Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦Å"ی ¼ ·Ã©â„¢ £Ã¥ ® ¹Ã¦  ±Ã¤ ¾â€ Ã£â‚¬â€š 11. Ã¥ Æ'å… ¬Ã¤ »Ã©  ¢Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã§â€ž ¡Ã§â€ºÅ¡Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£â‚¬â€š 12. Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"æ„›æÆ'… Ã¥ … Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å"怞æ ¨ £Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¡ Ã¦Å¡Ã©Æ' ½Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ®Å¡Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"æ„›æÆ'… ä ¸ Ã¥ … Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¯ ¼Å"æ ²'æÅ"‰è ¡ Ã¦Å¡Ã©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"Æ'è ®Å¡Ã£â‚¬â€š 13. ï ¼'ï ¼ Ã¯ ¼ Ã¯ ¼ Ã¥ ¹'ï ¼Å"ä ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ½ Ã¨  ¯Ã¦â€"‡æ‰€å ¡Ã¥ · ¥Ã£â‚¬Å"æÅ"‰éÅ" ¯Ã¦Å¾ £Ã£â‚¬ Ã¯ ¼Å"æššå ¾Å"å‚™é› »Ã¦ º Ã©â€"Å"枉ï ¼Å"ä » ¤Ã©â€º »Ã¨â€¦ ¦Ã§ ³ »Ã§ µ ±Ã§â„¢ ±Ã§ËœÃ¯ ¼Å"Ã¥ ¼â€¢Ã¨â€¡'è‚ ¡Ã§ ¥ ¨Ã¤ º ¤Ã¦ËœÃ¥ Å"ä ºâ€ Ã¯ ¼'ï ¼ Ã¥Ë†â€ Ã© ËœÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ½â€ Ã¨  ¯Ã¤ º ¤Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¨ ¡Å"æ ¿Ã§ ¸ ½Ã¨ £ Ã¥ ¾ Ã¨â‚¬â‚¬Ã¨  ¯Ã¥ … ç ¨ ±Ã©â‚¬â„¢Ã¥  ªÃ¦Ëœ ¯Ã£â‚¬Å"ä º ºÃ¦â€°â€¹Ã¦â€ž Ã¥ ¤â€"〠Ã¯ ¼Å"ä ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã£â‚¬Å"ä º ºÃ§â€š ºÃ©Å" ¯

Tips on How to Help Writing a Paper

Tips on How to Help Writing a PaperWhether you need help writing a paper to express your ideas or a report to present your ideas, there are some basic guidelines you should follow. The most important step is to write in order to learn and know about the subject you are writing about.The basic steps for writing a paper include setting the time to write the paper, start the writing process and taking notes about your thought process as you work on the paper. Your mentor or teacher may guide you to some good tips and guidelines to keep in mind when writing a paper.If you plan to write about your experience, the best advice you can get for writing a paper is to plan it early. You should start with the experience that you are going to write about. Write it in a way that makes sense to you and your writing partner.It is a better idea to set a time for writing a paper because it is more comfortable to work with. Start by researching the topic you are writing about and try to find other peop le who have done the research on the same topic. Then, you can ask them questions related to your paper so that you will know what to do. Some people would also provide you with great resources for ideas that you can use in your paper.Always write in order to learn and know about the subject you are writing about. Start by defining the terminology used in the topic that you are writing about. You should also be familiar with the topic. Even if you have the best knowledge on the topic, it is still necessary to write about it from your point of view.As you are writing the paper, take notes about your thinking as you work on the paper. Try to add as much information about the topic as possible so that you will know what to do next. Take note of all the information that you can get so that you will not forget it.Writing a paper can become difficult when you are not aware of the basic steps needed to write a paper. A good mentor or teacher would give you tips on how to proceed in order t o make it easier to write.If you have the passion to write and to learn about the topics that you are writing about, then the best thing you can do is to enroll in a writing class so that you can write a paper for school or for your own use. If you have no experience in writing a paper or a report, then there are free writing classes available online. It is advisable to join one of these classes so that you can see firsthand how writing a paper works.

Nike and the World Cup 2010 - 1320 Words

Salma Dahbi MKT 5305 December 2nd, 2015 Nike Football: World Cup 2010 South Africa Nike is considered one of the most successful companies worldwide. It is well known for being the greatest producer and provider of sport gear, shoes, equipment, and different services. As most countries are now taking part in all different kinds of sport disciplines, we can undoubtedly say that in nowadays’ business world, the sport industry is deemed as one that is worth billion of dollars. Besides, it is very important to mention that Football (Soccer) in its turn is one of -if not the only- most famous sport played all over the world. This is the main reason why most companies belonging to the sport industry have great chances getting into this†¦show more content†¦YouTube was actually Nike’s first try to connect with consumers using the Internet and social networking. Nike’s social media presence had improved the brand customer relationship and led to increased brand awareness. As a matter of fact, Nike has reached its World Cup Football Success mos tly through merging all of its long lasting innovative products, full media brand building, and businesslike operative marketing approaches. The 2010 World Cup was a very important opportunity for Nike to shine more in the world of football. This World Cup though had Adidas as its official sponsor and also placed some regulations concerning the air of commercials during the event. In fact, all other brands had to look into delivering their contents through other platforms. Nevertheless, Nike decided to trail behind its main competitor, Adidas, in terms of brand recognition. In order to gain awareness, Nike took up on a campaign during the 2010 World Cup using ambush marketing, which was set in motion three weeks before the event and comprised various TV ads and YouTube videos promoting star athletes. Through this push, Nike worked toward incorporating sustainability using the World Cup as an encouragement to newcomers to the brand as well as evolving Nike Football’s image by means of this event. To guarantee success in each of its objectives, NikeShow MoreRelatedNike World Cup 2010 Case2066 Words   |  9 PagesKenneth Sikora February 20, 2013 MKTG 430 Nike Case Analysis In 1962, Nike started as a US distributor for the Japanese shoe manufacturer Onitsuka under the name of Blue Ribbon Sports selling merchandise out of the back of cars at track meets. It wasn’t long before they realized they wanted to start designing and manufacturing their own brand of athletic footwear. In 1972, they changed their name to Nike and developed their iconic swoosh logo. Their first innovative shoe featured a waffleRead MoreNike Football: World Cup 2010 South Africa12246 Words   |  49 Pages511-060 Nike Football: World Cup 2010 South Africa Nike Football revenue had grown from $40 million in 1994 to more than $1 billion in 2008. In just under 15 years, it had reached a sales level that took some of its competitors over 50 years to achieve. Although not the end goal, the 2010 World Cup was another unique moment in time for Nike to create separation between the company and its competitors. Edwards knew he had to seize this opportunity and pull his team together to deliver aRead MoreNike World Cup Harvard Business Review Questions Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesMoges 11/18/2013 Sports Marketing Professor Master. Nike World Cup 1. Discuss the factors that have resulted in Nike Football becoming over a $1 Billion division and a major force in the football market. The Nike football brand believed that the only way to seize any kind of opportunity for growth is to first have a product that speaks for itself. Therefore, Nike believed that footwear product innovation should have the most focus. Nike had four steps to product innovation, development, designRead MoreComparison Between Nike And Adidas1679 Words   |  7 Pages The companies I chose are Adidas and Nike. The reason I chose these two is because they re both popular brand names around the world. Nike is base in the US and Adidas is base out of Germany. Nike and Adidas carries manufactures basically the same products. These companies offer similar products in comparisons to each other. Both of these brand s are well- know in households. The slogan for Nike is Just Do It is well-known around the world. Nike s slogan is used in printable ads andRead MoreRunning Head: Ambush Marketing Case Study1020 Words   |  5 PagesAmbush Marketing Case Study Hieu Le Columbia Southern University Ambush Marketing Case Study In the Successfully leveraging high-profile events to raise brand profile, Datamonitor (2010) demonstrate the identity of Ambush Marketing, which reflects that Bavaria Beer implemented this marketing tactics to the 2010 World Cup competition in South Africa. Although this marketing method is totally legal and the most effective strategy, several critics argue that Ambush Marketing had created a unfair advantageRead MoreSocial media affects people’s daily lives. Think about how social media has affected your life.800 Words   |  4 Pageslong distance runner once at the University of Oregon, paired up to start making athletic shoes. They first started working with a company named Blue Ribbon Sports then they paired up and their ideas and hard work resulted into the company Nike in 1971 (Nike). Nike has grown into a popular brand for athletes. Their marketing tactics heavily focus on athletes and performance. So how has social media specifically affected Nikes performance in marketing? Social media has affected Nikes marketing techniquesRead MoreThe Strategy Of New Media1585 Words   |  7 Pagesengage with the products and services. Indeed, a good strategy positively impacts on the campaign while bad strategy might lead to a campaign failure. Therefore, this essay examines the principle and strategy of advertising. Besides, this essay analyses Nike ‘write the future’ advertisement and the strategy used. Over the past century, military strategies are used as guidance that aligned with its goals and objectives. As an example, a Greek historian, Thucydides claims that study the past experienceRead MoreAdidas and Nike1270 Words   |  6 PagesADIDAS AND NIKE Nike and Adidas are two the largest sportswear companies of nowadays. They are the giants in the sportswear industry, which always introduce innovative products, in order to become the ultimate market leaders. Nike is an American multinational corporation, which produces footwear, clothes, equipment and other active sport items (Feifer 2014). The company was founded in 1964 by Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. Nike uses specific method of advertising, which differentiates it fromRead MoreEssay on Promotion of Nike vs. Adidas1745 Words   |  7 PagesPROMOTION! NIKE Nike is the worlds #1 manufacturer and marketer of athletic footwear and apparel. Almost out of the blue, the company established itself as one of the worlds most familiar brands during the 1980s and 1990s.and now 2000s. As familiar as a Coke bottle or Big Mac, the Nike swoosh logo came to symbolize not just sports culture, but street culture, as the appeal of the star players who endorsed the brand was carried onto city streets. Nike is undisputed leader in sports-orientedRead MoreNike Case Study1890 Words   |  8 PagesNike Presentation of Facts Surrounding Case Background on Football and the FIFA World Cup: Football (Commonly known as Soccer in the U.S.) was and still is the most popular sport in regards to viewership worldwide. In 2006 it was estimated that the sport of football was played by more than 265 million people, and continuing to grow (These estimates were up from 2000, estimated 42 million). Profession leagues exist throughout the world and the most popular teams were in Western Europe. The history

Christopher Columbus and His Goals Essay - 1901 Words

Christopher Columbus and his goalsCertainly, Columbus was a devout Catholic. He lived during the period of the great Spanish Inquisition, which led to the defeat of the Jews and Muslims. Perhaps he wanted to continue the Spanish legacy and spread the faith toward the west. However, personal ambitions may have also sparked Columbuss interest in finding a water route to the Indies. He asks for gold many times from the natives and searches all the islands in hopes of discovering more. He views the natives as a source of economical benefit, hoping to employ them for practical purposes. Even though there are not any indications of immense amounts of gold and spices in the New World, Columbus continues to ask for more Spanish support in order†¦show more content†¦The fact that Columbus is able to walk around the garden shows that he believes he is such a pure figure. Columbus also stresses that it is only by Gods permission that one can enter Eden, no one can enter except by Gods leave. Thus he has been chosen by God to rediscover heaven on earth and has been given a divine purpose. Throughout his logbooks, Columbus portrays himself as a righteous man on a quest for God, therefore implying the wholesomeness of all his actions. Many of his actions signify Columbuss belief that he had truly discovered the Garden of Eden. He constantly describes the natives as being naked as their mothers bore them. These descriptions begin almost every introduction about a new group of natives during the first voyage implying that most if not all the Indians were not clothed. They obviously were quite comfortable without any attire since it appeared to Columbus that no one was fully dressed. Columbus adds the phrase As their mothers bore them to show the childlike qualities of the Indians. When a child first enters the world, he or she has not committed any sin, because there has not been enough time or opportunities. Columbus views the natives as innocent beings. The bible produces a similar account of Adam and Eve, the inhabitants of Eden, And they were both naked, the man and his wife and were not ashamed. (Genesis 2:25) They lived in harmonyShow MoreRelatedGlobal Exploration and Global Empires 1500-1700 Essay1545 Words   |  7 Pagesvoyages of a few adventurers show that the Spanish and Portuguese goals were to spread Catholicism, expand trade, and expand the kingdom of the Spanish and the Portuguese to the new lands they’ve discovered. These adventures were Christopher Columbus who attempted to find a new route to Asia to extend Spain’s trade and to colonize, Bartholomew Columbus and his successful founding of  Santo Domingo, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and his companion’s successful spread of Catholic religion to many IndiansRead MoreChristopher Columbus: Not a Hero1057 Words   |  5 PagesHave you ever wondered why America has had an annual holiday known as Columbus Day ever since the early 1900s? While enjoying the day off has the question of why an Italian explorer has a day dedicated to him in America ever occurred to you? Probably not, but every American with at least an elementary education has the general knowledge that Christopher Columbus is the hero credited with discovering America. It wouldn’t be an overstatement to even say that he is a national icon. In actuality, he’sRead MoreChristopher Columbus And The New World847 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus was born in 1451, in his childhood, Columbus is a boy has proved to be a sea charm and ambition want to become sailors. Columbus hired to work on a sailing ship in the convent and then the Columbus expedition begins. On day, in the early morning of October 12, 1492, Christopher Columbus mariners stepped ashore an island in America, a land that no one known. This is a historic event, it was a prelude to understanding the New World, and led to the proliferation of western civilizationRead MoreDisadvantages Of Christopher Columbus804 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus was an explorer, navigator, and survivalist who was born and raised in Italy as the eldest son to Domenico Colombo and Susanna Fontanarossa. Columbus went on many explorations, but his most fam ous was his exploration to the new world. For this exploration Columbus managed to convince the Spanish monarchs, King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella, to hire an Italian explorer to work for the Spanish government. There are many advantages and disadvantages to hiring an explorer fromRead MoreEssay about Compare contrast953 Words   |  4 Pages Compare and Contrast Christopher Columbus and Neil Armstrong were both explorers who captivated the world with their amazing explorations. Their paths shared many traits, though their discoveries were very different. While Armstrong was the first man on the moon on July 20, 1969, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue about four hundred years earlier to find the â€Å"new world†. While both Columbus and Armstrong had amazing explorations, Columbus made a discovery that would start mankindRead MoreChristopher Columbus And Bartolome De La Casas998 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus and Bartolome de la Casas Christopher Columbus and Bartolome de la Casas are similar in most ways but have a major difference. They were both explorers of the New World and came to convert the natives into Catholics. The two explorers worked on the Spanish’s behalf. Columbus wrote accounts of the New World in his journal. La Casas wrote the Brief Account of the Devastation of the Indies. Both gave accounts of the native people they saw. Columbus’s journal entries aim to giveRead MoreChristopher Columbus : Hero Or Villain?884 Words   |  4 PagesRian White Crawford 3rd Christopher Columbus: Hero or Villain? In elementary school students are taught that Christopher Columbus is some godly hero who discovered that the earth was round and a shorter route to â€Å"Asia†. They even have a day dedicated to him. Typically, children are gullible and just believe what they are taught, rather than actually researching and learning the history on their own. As a child one’s brain is not developed enough to possess a sense of moral discernment. Also, childrenRead MoreThe Discovery Of The New World1178 Words   |  5 Pagesthe luxuries of today? To answer that question, Christopher Columbus is credited with the discovery of â€Å"The New World† as we know today as America. He is referred to as one of the greatest discovers’ during the Age of Discovery. Christopher Columbus is an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer. He was born in 1451 in the Republic of Genoa, Italy. He was the son of a wool merchant. When he was barely in his adolescent years, he worked with his father but later went to sea at the age of fourteenRead MoreEssay on The Mental World of Christopher Columbus911 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Of Christopher Columbus Supported by Spain, seeking a water route to the spice islands in 1492 Christopher Columbus left Spain on his first voyage. After more then a month had passed, the crew started to loose all hope and the voyage seemed like a failure. Until on October 12, 1492 land was sighted. The land that was sighted was not what Columbus had originally intended to find. Columbus landed in the Caribbean Sea in the Bahamas, which was thousands of miles away from his originalRead MoreGetting to Know Christopher Columbus911 Words   |  4 PagesChristopher Columbus, as we now know he accomplished a lot during his life. Although many are disputed and questions have been raised as to why we celebrate Columbus Day. One could find the when, how and where of Christopher Columbus an interesting subject for discourse. After all, we are talking about the man who discovered the land we now call America. We will not even consider the people, the Native Americans who lived here first as discovering America. Ma ybe it should be taught just a tad differently

Sephardic Jewish Pirates and the Caribbean Connection

Leeba Freund Mrs. Cohen Jewish History December 17, 2010 Sephardic Jewish Pirates the Caribbean Connection If you plan on touring the island of Jamaica, you may be interested in visiting the oldest Jewish cemetery, Hunt’s Bay cemetery, near Kingston. Kingston has a Jewish community dating back to the 1600s. What you will find in this cemetery may astonish you: typical Jewish gravestones with a Hebrew inscription. But that is not the unusual part; in the corner of some gravestones, you’ll see carved pictures of skulls and crossbones. What are crossbones doing in a Jewish cemetery? What is the connection between the Jews of Jamaica and Piracy? [pic] [pic] [pic] Hunt s Bay Cemetery -†¦show more content†¦Hence, the title â€Å"Portugal† in all the Spanish Colonies became synonymous with â€Å"New Christians† or Marranos. Though the New World was under Spanish rule, the Crown turned a blind eye to the secret Jewish communities sprouting up in every new colony. The Jews played it safe, changing their names and feigning devotion to the Catholic reli gion, all the while building an economic empire of international trade throughout South and Central America, the Caribbean Sea and European waters of the Mediterranean. SPAIN AS A WORLD POWER As Spanish conquistadors conquered and settled land after land in the New World, jewelry from the natives and mines of silver and gold poured into the Spanish treasury from the Incas. Sugar, coffee, bananas, tobacco and other profitable crops that thrived in the warm climate of the Caribbean islands, Central America and South America, filled ship after Spanish ship with an abundance of wealth from the new colonies. As Spain’s treasury filled, other European nations had their eyes on the golden mine of New World treasures. While the Spanish conquistadors conquered land, plundered the natives and terrorized their women, the Marranos dedicated themselves to settling the new lands and creating a safe world for them to live in. They logged trees, set up plantations, worked the gold and silver mines and set up trade and shipping routes from the

How Important Was the Role of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany free essay sample

Some argue that unification would have been inevitable and had nothing to do with Bismarck, although others argue that the unification was solely down to Bismarck’s role. There are differing opinions on whether Bismarck was a planner or an opportunist or whether he was merely just a catalyst. Bismarck also provoked neighbouring states which led to wars of unification against: Denmark and Austria. Other factors such as the role of the Prussian military, the Zollverein and Austrian weakness all had an input in the unification of Germany, as did cultural nationalism. Bismarck’s long term aim was to unite Germany under Prussian leadership. In Prussia, King William wanted to improve his army but due to the cost of this request, the King’s plans were blocked by the Prussian Progressive Party. The King considered abdication because his request was denied; this worried many of the King’s ministers. They feared this abdication would result in the triumph of the parliament over the king. We will write a custom essay sample on How Important Was the Role of Bismarck in the Unification of Germany? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Von Roon, Minister of War suggested that Otto Van Bismarck be recalled from Paris to help solve this constitutional crisis. Bismarck resolved this crisis by announcing that since Parliament could not agree with the King that the King had power to rule himself. Bismarck claimed that the loophole in the constitution that he did not cover this kind of crisis and so the logical thing to do was to let the King decide. The budget was passed. The King was very grateful to Bismarck who was then appointed Minister-President of Prussia. Bismarck knew an efficient and powerful army would be necessary in the near future. After the failure of the 1848 revolution, he wrote ’Germany does not loot to Prussian liberalism, but to its power ot by speeches and majority verdicts will the great decisions of the time be made but by iron and blood. ’ Bismarck provoked surrounding foreign powers into war, the result of this being an increase in the power and the unification of Germany which were his main aims. So Bismarck’s role was relatively important at this stage of in the unification of Germany. The firs t war of unification was against Denmark. The Prussians fought Denmark in an attempt to weaken Austria’s power. A crisis developed within Denmark between the duchies and Denmark, the dispute broke out over Schleswig and Holstein. Bismarck used this row to his advantage. Bismarck suggested that a combined Prussian and Austrian force should attack Denmark. Denmark was quickly defeated and Prussia gained the glory as defender of German interests. As Bismarck used this row to his advantage, this makes it evident that he was an opportunist. He merely used this dispute for his benefit and seized an opportunity which had the potential to move one step closer towards the unification of Germany. The second war of unification was against Austria in 1866. Bismarck used the unresolved situation left after the convention of Gastein in Schleswig and Holstein to complain that Austria was not running Holstein properly. Bismarck seized this opportunity which represents him as being an opportunist. He took advantage of an opportunity which could help him achieve his main aim; unification. Aronson states; â€Å"Bismarck was an opportunist†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bismarck complained that Austria was stirring up anti-prussian feelings in Schleswig. On July 3 1866 a battle which has also been named the â€Å"Battle of Sadowa† the Austrian army was defeated. 24 000 Austrians were killed and 13 000 were captured. A Kleindeutsch was created, this was a North German state without Austrian influence. This brought Germany closer to unification. Prussian Liberals were so pleased with this outcome that they forgave Bismarck over the army reforms. Bismarck had brought Germany closer to unification, Thus, meaning Bismarck had an important role in the progre ssion of the unification of Germany. Some historians argue whether or not Bismarck was an opportunist or a planner. In the case of the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 it is evident that Bismarck deliberately planned the outbreak of war against Austria. In William Carr’s Germany 1815-1945 he quotes a conversation between Bismarck to Disraeli in 1862: â€Å"when the army has been brought to such a state as to command a respect then I shall take the first opportunity to declare war with Austria† proving that Bismarck had planned to go to war with Austria. but he also took advantage of an opportunity which enabled him to go to war with Austria as he stated. Therefore Bismarck can be viewed as both a planner and an opportunist. The wars of unification helped unite Germany as all members of the Bund came together and fought as one in all of these wars. However, some historians argue that Bismarck was a catalyst and he simply sped up the process of German unification. Prussia gained land in the Rhineland, which was many miles away from Prussian mainland. German States prompted the Prussian authorities to abolish all internal taxes within Prussia itself in 1818. This led to the creation of a large free trade area. Prussia’s control of the rivers of the Rhine and Elbe encouraged other German states to realise they should reach agreements with Prussia. In 1834, the Zollverein was created (customs union. ) Two years after its creation, 25/39 states had joined the new economic trade free area. The Zollverein proved to be an important factor in the unification of Germany, therefore showing that Bismarck was not the key role in the unification of Germany. There were other factors which helped such as the growth of nationalism. There was a growth of cultural nationalism in Germany. Nationalist feelings were first expressed in 1815 in the universities and amongst Germany’s great writers and poets. This was named the ‘Romantic Movement’ during the war, there was an emergence of nationalist student societies, named burschenschaften. Poets like Goethe also praised the idea of the nation-state. The folk tales of the Brothers Grimm celebrated Germany’s past and looked forward to the day when Germany would be a united nation. Through their studies they realised that German language had come from a common source. As they were united by language, it was very much possible that Germany could also be united politically. Andrina Stiles states: even in 1815 there were tens of thousands of people, especially among the young, the educated, the middle and the upper classes who felt passionately that German’s deserved to have a fatherland in the same way as the English and the French. This again proves that although Bismarck played an important role in the unification of Germany his role was not vital. This also proves that Bismarck was merely a catalyst as he didn’t have any input in this movement whatsoever. He sped up the unification of Germany. Austrian weakness also proved to be a factor which had an input in the unification of Germany. Due to the exclusion of Austria from the Zollverein they were suffering economically. They contemplated creating a new customs union. However, they lacked the correct resources to do so. Austria had been isolated. This was because of the Austrian’s failure to help their allies, the Russians, in the Crimean War. Therefore meaning they now had no allies. Austria also had a weak military. Their military was weakened by the wars fought against Italian states and France. Reporters at the time described the army as: â€Å"weak and disorganised† Austria was defeated and lost land from its empire in Northern Italy. The Austrian army were exposed as weak, poorly equipped and out of touch with modern military tactics. During the 1850’s one of the main obstacles to unification was Austrian Power therefore it was eliminated. Prussia was gaining strength and Prussia was seen as a potential leader of a future of a united Germany. This again makes it evident that Bismarck was a catalyst and he only sped up the process of unification. In turn this shows that there were other factors which led to the unification of Germany. On the one hand the role of Bismarck was important because if not for him, the wars of unification would not have taken place. The wars of unification were important because it allowed him to achieve his aim of unification under Prussian leadership and bring all the military forces of Germany together as one, to fight. However, other factors like cultural nationalism were also important factors in the unification of Germany, this growth of nationalism led to vast numbers of people involved in the romantic movement realising that Germany was bound together by language and literature. The Zollverein also proved to be an important factor, a factor which again Bismarck had no involvement in. The customs union was important in the unification as it joined 25/39 states together which was a huge step towards a united Germany. Austrian weakness also proved to have an important role in the unification of Germany as it destroyed one of the main obstacles to unification which was Austrian power. Germany managed to eliminate this obstacle. Hitler argues that â€Å"it was he [Bismarck] who created the conditions which rendered possible the creation of a great Germany† On balance, the evidence suggests that the role of Bismarck in unifying Germany was important to an extent. Bismarck did play an important role although there were other factors which were equally as important as Bismarck’s, if not more.

Daphnia magna Essay Example

Daphnia magna Paper This chapter provides an overview of the biology of waterless of the genus Daphnia. It describes basic aspects of Individual physiology and nutrition, Including some remarks about Immunity. It summarizes the typical life cycle and development of Daphnia. The modes of reproduction and the induction of resting egg production in cyclic and obligate parthenogenesis forms are discussed. Finally, population biological aspects, such as behavioral ecology, habitat preferences, population genetics, and population dynamics, are introduced. Go to: Introduction The following introduction summarizes the key aspects of the natural history of the genus Daphnia. It is far from exhaustive. Because much of the biology has been studied over the past 250 years and is considered to be common knowledge, I give no references to specific studies In most cases. The Interested reader may consult Fryer (1991), Steer (Bibb Lambert and Simmer (1 999), and Peters and De Bernard (1987), from which much of the information was taken. A search on the Internet using the term Daphnia or Clamored will also bring up a large body of information. Of particular interest is the Clamored Web page of the university of Gullah in Canada. The reader familiar with Daphnia may skip this chapter and move on to Chapter 3. Daphnia are platonic crustaceans that belong to the Payload (sometimes called Bronchiolar), which are characterized by flattened leaf-like legs used to produce a water current for the filtering apparatus. Within the bronchioles, Daphnia belong to the Clamored, whose bodies are enclosed by an unqualified shell (Figures 2. 1 and 2. 2), known as the carapace. It has a double wall, between which hemolytic flows and which Is part of the body cavity. We will write a custom essay sample on Daphnia magna specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Daphnia magna specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Daphnia magna specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The carapace Is largely made of chitin, a polysaccharide. Clamored have up to 10 pairs of appendages, which are (from front to back): untangles, antennae (the second antennae, used for swimming): maxillae: and mandibles; followed by 5 (as in Daphnia) or 6 limbs on the trunk. The limbs form an apparatus for feeding and respiration. At the end of the abdomen is a pair of claws. The body length of Clamored ranges from less than 0. 5 mm to more than 6 mm. Males are distinguished from females by their smaller size, larger untangles, modeled post-abdomen, and first legs, which are armed with a hook used in clasping. It describes basic aspects of individual physiology and nutrition, including some remarks about immunity. It summarizes the typical life cycle and development of references to specific studies in most cases. The interested reader may consult Fryer (1991), Steer (1993), Lambert and Simmer (1999), and Peters and De information. Of particular interest is the Clamored Web page of the University of and which is part of the body cavity. The carapace is largely made of chitin, a to back): untangles, antennae (the second antennae, used for swimming); maxillae; modified post-abdomen, and first legs, which are armed with a hook used in clasping.

Veterans Disability Law I Disability Attorneys of Michigan

Veterans Disability Law I Disability Attorneys of Michigan Southwest Solutions is Completing 28 New Multi-Family Townhomes in Detroit for Veterans and Their Families Monsignor Clement Kern a pastor of Most Holy Trinity in southwest Detroit founded Southwest Solutions in 1970. He was known to many as the â€Å"conscience of Detroit† due to his passion and commitment to helping those in need throughout the community.Southwest Solutions main goal was to help the mentally ill live in the community by providing psychiatric counseling and medication. Today Southwest Solutions offers help to those in need as well as veterans throughout the community through multiple outlets including:Southwest Counseling SolutionsSouthwest Housing SolutionsSouthwest Economic SolutionsSouthwest Solutions is currently completing 28 new town homes for families in Detroit located at Mack and Ashland/Alter Road. With the help and support of Home Depot, 6 of these homes will be dedicated to veterans and their families in the community.The town homes are affordable and designed to accommodate a family with amenities like:3 bedroomsFull bath and a half bathBasementFull-s ize refrigeratorWasher dryerIf you are interested in learning more about these homes or know someone in need you can apply at Southwest Solutions located at 1920 25th Street, Detroit MI 48216 Monday – Friday 9AM – 4 PM or call Southwest Solutions Housing line at 313-841-3727.Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence. community events, Community Outreach, DA Michigan, Disability Attorneys, Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Veterans Disability, Veterans Disability Attorneys, Veterans Disability Lawyers

Writing for the Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Writing for the Web - Essay Example Our video and sound equipment is state of the art and of the highest professional quality. The videotaping and editing of each video is produced digitally. We offer a wide variety of video transfer services to our customers, including the following: You can ship your videos to us from anywhere in the United States or internationally and will put them on DVDs and/or encode them into computer files. We can transfer 16mm, 8mm, and Super8 home movies to DVD and video. We can also transfer video to various formats including VHS to MPEG, Quicktime to AVI, MPEG to Quicktime, AVI to Betacam, PAL to NTSC (foreign video conversions), and many more! Additionally, we can convert videos to web based video such as Windows Media and Flash so you can publish your videos to the web. Our duplication and replication services provide a professional look by including color-printed cases and labels. We will even instruct you on how to keep your DVDs from damaging your DVD players as well as your clients or friend’s DVD players. Need 100 copies with cases and sleeves in within 48 hours? Give us a call and we can help you with that as well! Sunray also offers video services for special events in your personal or business settings. We have produced a wide variety of videos for our clients such as marketing and demo videos, TV commercials, instructional videos and seminars, web site videos, videos for tradeshows, biographical tribute videos, and informational products for professional speakers. We have also videotaped and digitally captured live events including dance recitals and other stage performances. For more information on how we can â€Å"wow† you with our video and photo montages, please visit our montage web page. Also, if you need a big projection screen at your event we can provide one for you. We have tried to give you an extensive idea

Block diagram Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Block diagram - Essay Example The block digram of the YAMAHA DM1000 shown above can be divided into functional blocks as below: 1) Analog inputs and outputs section. The input section has input conectors 1_16 through which to connect the microphone and line level sources, and 1_4 OMNI IN connectors though which line level sources are connected.SLOT(1_2) are used to offer AD/DA conversion and digital I/O interfaces.SLOT1 has 1-18 lines connected to the input patch. SLOT 2 has 1-18 also connected to the input patch( bus bar). Both slots are connected together to surround monitor. The sorround has a Pan function which places the sound image within a two-dimensional by using a multichannel playback system and so pans the image to the front, rear,left and right in relation (Collins 2011). The XLR connectors are wired in the sequence that follows:pin1 to ground,pin 2 to hot(+) and pin 3 to cold (-). Inputs 1-16 accept line-level and microphone signals in the range -60dB to +40dB. These inputs have a switchable +48V pow ering for use with condenser type microphones and the direct buses and the swiches turn the phantom power ON/OFF. The signal then passes through PAD switches which attenuate it by 20dB and through rotary gain controls used to adjust input sensitivity which range from +40dB to -40Db when PAD is on and from -16dB to -60dB when its off. The signal passes through the AD which convert the analogue signal into digital form. LED signal indicators light up when the input signal level is 20 dB below the nominal value and the PEAK indicators light up when input signal level is 3dB below clipping. The signal is then passed to the INPUT PATCH via the connectors 1-16. 2) Input chanel section This iswhere the signal level and tone inputs are adjusted and roputed to Bus 1-8,Stero Bus,SOLO Bus and Aux Busses.The signal flows as follows: The phase (Ð ¤) section switches the phase of the input signals. Signal passes on to the gate which is a dynamic processor for gating or for ducking. The signal th en pass through a metering unit. From here, its passed through a Compressor that has a dynamic processor used as a compressor,expander or limiter. It can be a pre-Equalizer, pre-fader or post fader. The signal then goes through the attenuator which attenuates or amplifies the signal to be fed to the Equalizer. The 4-band equalizer is parametric and features four band, i.e. high, high-mid, low-mid, and low and is connected to a metering unit. The signal the flows to the Input Delay that enables the signal to be delayed so as top fine tune the timing between channels or as a delay effect with feedback. The On/Off switches allows for the channel to be turned on or off (mute). The Level adjusts the input level of the Input Channel signal (Collins 2011). The INSERT is used to patch input signals to external devices through the on-board I/O connectors or I/O cards or to insert the internal effect processors. The Meter switches the metering position of the signal levels that are then displ ayed on the meter page. The PAN section adjusts the settings of the signals routed from the input channels to the Stero Bus. The AUX Send level adjusts the level of the signals routed to Auxilliary Out 1-8 either from the pre-fader or from the post-fader. These Channel parameters are stored in the channel libraries as appropriate. 3) Input patching Here the input signals presnt at the input ports 1-16, OMNI IN 1-4 and inputs to the SLOTS 1 are patched

Hand Washing in Disease Prevention

Hand Washing in Disease Prevention Introduction The most frequent way of germ spreading is by people’s hands. Most of the times germs are harmless but sometimes they can also be reason for illnesses like flu, cold and gastroenteritis. Washing your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water is one of most important thing you can do to avoid spreading infections and it helps to protect you, your family members and people around you. Specially every health-care worker or a person who concerned in direct or indirect patient care must be care about hand hygiene and must be able to perform it properly and at the correct time. It helps to prevent health care-associated infections [2]. â€Å"CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)† has estimated that every year almost 2,000,000 patients in the USA get an infection in hospitals, and about 90,000 of these patients die as a result of their infection [1]. History of hand washing Hand washing with soap and water has been used as a measure of personal hygiene for a long time and has been generally implanted in religious and civilizing practices. However the relationship between hand washing and the spread of disease was confirmed only near 200 years ago. Ignaz Semmelweis established that hospital-acquired diseases (HAD) been transmitted through the hands of health care workers by his studies in Austria, Vienna and Oliver Wendell Holmes in Boston USA. In 1847, he was appointed as a house officer in an obstetric clinic at the University of Vienna Allgemeine Krankenhaus. He observed that maternal mortality rates, commonly reasonable to puerperal fever, were considerably higher in mentioned clinic compared with the other. He also identified that doctor as well as medical students usually went straight to the delivery suite after doing autopsies and had an unpleasant odor on their hands regardless of hand washing with soap and water earlier to entering the clinic. He introduced that â€Å"cadaverous particles† from the autopsy room, that transmitted through the hands of students and doctors to the delivery theatre caused the fever. As a result, Semmelweis suggest that hands be cleansed by a chlorinated lime solution before examine each patient and also after leaving the autopsy room. Following the administration of this measure, the mortality rate fell affectedly to 3% in the clinic remained low. Apart from providing the 1st evidence that cleansing thoroughly contaminated hands with an antiseptic agent can decrease nosocomial transmission of germs more significantly than washing hands with plain soap and water, this method includes all the essential elements for successful contamination control interference: â€Å"recognize-explain-act†. Both Holmes and Semmelweis failed to examine a sustainable change in the behavior change of their colleagues’ behavior. In particular, Semmelweis experienced great difficulties in persuading his colleagues and directors of the benefits of this method. In the light of the ethics of social marketing in the present day, his key mistake was that he introduced a system change (administration of the chlorinated lime solution) without explaining the attitudes of his collaborators. In spite of these mistakes, the Semmelweis intervention has teach us many lessons; the â€Å"recognize-explain-act† approach has driven many investiga tors. Semmelweis’s intervention is also a type of epidemiologically obsessed strategies to avoid infection. In 1980s concepts of hand hygiene in health care has been changed. The 1st national hand hygiene guidelines were in print in the 1980s. â€Å"The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in the USA† suggested that whichever antimicrobial soap or a antiseptic agent be used for cleaning hands while leaving the rooms of patients with drug-resistant pathogens in 1996.In recent past the HICPAC guidelines issued alcohol-based hand rubbing.[3] With the time methods of hand washing and chemicals that use are change with research inventions. Normal bacterial flora of the body (1) Axilla, perineum and between the toes (2) Hand, face and trunk (3) Upper arms and legs. Skin with partial occlusion like axilla, perineum and between the toes contain more microorganisms than less occluded areas as legs, arms, and trunk The numbers of bacteria on the skin of a person remains relatively constant; Survival of the bacteria and the extent of colonization probably depend in part upon the contact of skin to a exact environment and partly due to the innate and species-specific bactericidal activity in skin. Most of the microorganisms live in the superficial layers of the stratum, corneum and the upper parts of the hair follicle. Some bacteria are located in the deeper areas of the hair follicles and are away from the reach of normal disinfection procedures. These bacteria are reservoirs for settlement after the surface of bacteria were removed. Staphylococcus epidermidis S. epidermidis is an important microorganism that lives on the skin, and in some areas it makes more than 90% of the resident aerobic flora. Staphylococcus aureus The nasal area and perineum are the most familiar sites for S. aureus colonization. S. aureus is common to the vulva. S. aureus is very often (80% -100%) to the skin of patients with certain dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis. Gram-negative bacteria They occupy small portion of the skin flora. Micrococci Micrococci are not as frequent as staphylococci and diphtheroids; on the other hand, they are often present in normal skin. Micrococcus luteus, is the predominant species. Diphtheroids The term refers to diphteroid, a variety of bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium common in the armpit and on open skin. They like to be involved in the pathogenesis of acne. Streptococci ÃŽ ²-hemolytic streptococci, are infrequently seen on normal skin. ÃŽ ±-hemolytic streptococci, exist primarily in the mouth little spread on the skin. Nail Flora Dust particles and other foreign matter can accumulate under the nail. They can carry fungi and bacilli, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Mucor wear.[4] Transmission of pathogens by hand There are two main routs of transmission of pathogens. Airborne transmission Contact transmission Airborne transmission They can be transmitted from the respiratory tract through talking coughing sneezing, from the skin by natural cracking of skin scales, during wound dressing or bed making and by aerosols, also from equipment such as respiratory apparatus and air conditioning plants. Contact transmission The most frequent routes of transmission for infection are by direct contact spread from one to another or by indirect contact spread by unhygienic hands or equipment. Staphylococcal streptococcal sepsis, enteobacterial diarrhea Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis are examples for diseases that can be arise due to contact transmission. So hand washing is very important in preventing contact transmission of pathogens and so to avoid spreading diseases. [5] Transmission of health care-associated (HCA) pathogens from one patient to another via health care workers’ (HCWs) hands requires five sequential steps, Micro-organisms to present on the patient’s skin, or have been shed onto dead objects instantly surrounding the patient. Micro-organisms should be transferred to the hands of HCWs. Micro-organisms should be able to survive for at least few minutes on HCWs’ hands. Amount of hand washing or antisepsis of hand by the HCW should be insufficient or entirely omitted, or the substance used for hand hygiene unsuitable. The unhygienic hand or hands of the caregiver must approach into direct contact with another patient or with an object that will come into direct contact with the patient.[3] Steps of hand washing Hands can cleanse with soap, alcohol, water etc. Hand hygiene technique with alcohol-based formulation. There are 8 steps duration is nearly 20-30 seconds, 1st step Apply a full palmed amount of the product in a cupped hand, to cover all surfaces. 2nd step Rub hands palm to palm. 3rd step Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa. 4th step Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. 5th step Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked. 6th step Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa. 7th step Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa. 8th step Dry. 8 Hand Hygiene Technique with Soap and Water. It takes 40-60 seconds there are 10 steps, 1st step- Wet hands with water; apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces. 2nd step- Rub hands palm to palm. 3rd step- Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa. 4th step- Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. 5th step- Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked. 6th step- Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa. 7th step- Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa. 8th step-Rinse hands with water. 9th step- Dry hands thoroughly with a single use towel. 10th step- Use towel to turn off faucet. [3] Substances that used in hand washing Soap and detergents Reduce barriers to solution and increase solubility is the main action of soap and detergents. [6] Water temperature Hot, soapy water is more successful than cold, soapy water on removing the natural oils on hands which grasp soils and bacteria. [6] Antibacterial soap Antibacterial soaps have been greatly promoted to a health-conscious community. No evidence for that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature. Although, antibacterial soaps contain general antibacterial chemicals such as Triclosan, which has a wide list of resistant strains of micro-organisms. [6] Solid soap Because of its reusable character, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses. However as the micro-organisms are rinsed off with the foam, it is implausible that any bacteria are transferred to users of the soap. [6] Hand antiseptic A hand sterilizer or hand antiseptic is a non-aqua-based hand hygiene mediator. Most of them are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulate which mixed with a thickening agent such as Carbomer , or humectant such as glycerin, or foam for easiness of use and to diminish the drying result of the alcohol. [6] Alcohol-based hand sanitizers They are almost entirely ineffective against Norwalk type viruses, the most general reason for contagious gastroenteritis.[6] Ash or mud This is also a disinfecting agent. WHO suggested ash or sand as option for soap when soap is not available. [6] Importance of hand washing when to wash hands Importance of hand washing Hand washing is like a vaccine that someone can do it yourself, which consist of five simple steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse, Dry).Important to reduce the spread of diarrheal and respiratory illness therefore you can stay well. Habitual hand washing, mainly before and after certain activities, is one of the best ways to remove microorganisms, keep away from illnesses, and to reduce the spread of germs [1]. When to wash hands in day today life Always wash your hands before; cooking food or eating, taking or giving medicine, Inserting or removing contact lenses. [8] Also wash your hands after: preparing food, specially raw meat or poultry, changing a diaper or using the toilet, touching an animal or animal toy, leashes or waste, blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing into your hand, caring for a sick or injured person, handling trash, household or garden chemicals, or anything that could be contaminated like cleaning cloth or soiled shoes shaking hands with others. [8] When to wash hands for health care workers Beforeperforming invasive procedures like taking care of particularly susceptible patients such as those who are severely immunocompromised and newborns. [9] Before and after touching wounds traumatic, surgical or related with an invasive device. [9] Aftersituations during which microbial contamination of hands is probable to occur, especially those involving contact with mucous membranes, blood or body fluids, and body secretions or excretions ,touching dead sources that are likely to be contaminated with virulent or epidemiologically significant microorganisms; these sources contain on urine-measuring devices or secretion collecting apparatuses, taking care of an infected patient or one who is likely to be colonized with microorganisms of special clinical or epidemiologic importance, for example multiple-resistant bacteria and between contacts with different patients in high-risk units.[9] Diseases occur due to bad hand hygien Infections that may be transmitted through this route include hepatitis A, salmonellosis, shigellosis, giardiasis, enterovirus, campylobacteriosis and amebiasis. As these diseases are spread through the intake of even the little particles of fecal material, hand washing after using the toilet cannot drop be take easily. â€Å"Influenza,streptococcus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the common cold† are diseases spread through indirect contact. As these diseases can be spread indirectly by hands contaminated by respiratory discharges of infected people, illness may be reduced by washing hands after coughing or sneezing and after shaking hands with someone who has been coughing and sneezing. Microorganisms transmitted by one or more body substances such as urine, saliva or other moist body substance include cytomegalovirus, typhoid, staphylococcal organisms, and Epstein-Barr virus. These organisms may be transmitted from person to person or indirectly by contamination of food or inanimate objects such as toys. [10] Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses like HIV, herpes, RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, and fungus and stop diseases. [9] Thus, hexachlorophene and quaternary ammonium compounds are valuable for prophylaxis of staphylococcal infection but not of infection by Pseudomonas pyocyanea.[12] Antibiotics such as neomycin and bacitracin, which are rarely administered systemically, may be applied as topical antiseptics. They should be used in combinations, or mixed with synthetic agents such as chlorhexidine, in order to minimize the risk of producing resistant strains. [12] Recurrent furunculosis is usually the result of re infection from a carrier site on the patients body. Many nurses become carriers of hospital staphylococci, and the furunculosis which in some hospitals causes a good deal of minor ill-health, is often a consequence of cross-infection. [12] World hand washing day Global hand washing day is October 15. Global hand washing day is an annual global encouragement day devoted to expanding knowledge and understanding about the importance of hand washing with soap as a successful and inexpensive way to prevent diseases. It is an opening to design, test, and reproduce creative ways to encourage society to wash their hands with soap at important times. The day was founded by the Global Public-Private Partnership for Hand washing. [7] Disadvantages of hand washing There are some disadvantages of hand washing, some products that used in hand washing can be affect to generate bad effects in hand washing. Triclosan is an antibacterial agent which also has some antifungal and antiviral properties that contain in hand washing agents, researchers have found that it causes to change hormone balance in animals, also can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant germs and can be harmful to the immune system.[11] Sodiumlaureth Sulfate (SLS) and triclosan are two commen ingredients contain in hand washes which are responsible for most cases of contact dermatitis. The SLS is a foaming agent used in many personal care products. As well as hand washing products, it contains in shampoo, shower gel, toothpaste; potentially in shortly whatever thing that foams. A small number of people are sensitive to SLS and may lead to skin dryness or contact dermatitis. [11]

Future Perfect :: essays research papers

<a href="http://www.geocities.com/vaksam/">Sam Vaknin's Psychology, Philosophy, Economics and Foreign Affairs Web Sites Many futurologists - professional (Toffler) and less so (Naisbitt) - tried their hand at predicting the future. They proved quite successful at predicting major trends but not as lucky in delineating their details. This is because, inevitably, every futurologist has to resort to crude tools such as extrapolation. The modern day versions of biblical prophets are much better informed - and this, precisely, seems to be the problem. The cluttered information obstructs the outlines of the philosophically and conceptually most important elements. The futurologist has to divine which - of a host - of changes which occur in his times and place ushers in a new era. Since the speed at which human societies change has radically accelerated - the futurologist's work has become more compounded and less certain. It is better to stick to truisms, however banal. True and tried is the key to successful (and, therefore, useful) predictions. What can we rely upon which is immutable and invariant, not dependent on cultural context, technological level, or geopolitical developments? Human nature, naturally. The introduction of human nature into the equation which should yield the prediction may further complicate it. Human nature is, arguably, the most complex thing in the universe. It is characteristically unpredictable and behaviourally stochastic. It is not the kind of paradigm conducive to clear-cut, unequivocal, unambiguous forecasts. This is why it is advisable to isolate two or three axes around which human nature - or its more explicit manifestations - revolves. These organizational principles must possess comprehensive explanatory powers, on the one hand - and exhibit some kind of synergy, on the other hand. I propose such a trio : Individuality, Collectivism and Time. Individuation is the Separation principle, the human yearning for uniqueness and idiosyncrasy, for distinction and self sufficiency, for independence and self expression. Collectivism is the human propensity to agglomerate, to stick together, to assemble, the herd instincts and the group behaviours. Time is the principle which connects both. It is the bridge linking individual and society. It is an epiphenomenon of society. In other words, it arises only when people assemble and can compare themselves to others. This is not Time in the physical sense, which is discernible through the relative positions and physical states of physical systems. Every human - alone as he may be - is bound to notice it.

Marketing Paper Final Exam Essay

Final Paper Marketing encompasses the complex cycle of every stage of a product, from conception to the final sale and everything in between. Marketers are challenged with identifying the consumers needs/wants and managing the process to meet those needs. Every product a marketer develops goes through four stages in its life, The Product Life Cycle. Each stage of the product life cycle (Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline) have unique characteristics that a marketer faces as they create utility and try to maintain or grow their market share. Through each stage advertising is critical and marketers try to inform, persuade and remind consumers about their product. The difference is the approach and focus of the advertising. Every product that comes to market enters into the Introduction Stage. This is the stage where consumers are first introduced to the product. â€Å"During the introductory stage of the product life cycle, a firm works to stimulate demand for the new market entry. † (Boone & Kurtz, 2006, p. 371) A marketer must connect with consumers to create a market for the new product. Every year hundreds of new products enter the introductory stage. Currently a product that is just beginning to take hold is high-definition televisions (HDTVs). HDTVs broadcast pictures with increased clarity and give the viewer (consumer) options on camera angles and additional information. Currently, â€Å"Yankee Group estimates that 15 percent of American households now own (a HDTV), with Forrester estimating 10 percent at most. † (Crawford, 2005) During the introductory stage, marketers are trying to introduce the product to consumers. One of the ways marketers succeed is in offering promotions or discounts to distributors to get the product in the marketplace. Most of the advertising focuses on informing the public about the new product. While information is key, advertisers also try to persuade consumers to purchase the product and often times remind consumers where they can find the product. The Introductory stage is where all products start. It is in this early stage that products are refined based on consumer and distribution feedback. Often times the numbers of marketers are minimal in the introductory stage as the market is being developed. As a product finds its market and begins to gain acceptance, it moves into the Growth Stage of the product life cycle. The growth stage is where a product sees its sales volumes increase dramatically. At this stage in the product’s life, â€Å"new customers make initial purchases and early buyers repurchase. † (Boone & Kurtz, 2006, p. 372) Early marketers find increased competition as their competitors enter the product space to share in the profits. Satellite television has entered into the growth market with the advent of the small dish. Early satellite television was mainly limited to rural areas that were inaccessible to cable television. The dishes were large and unattractive. As the technology has advances and the satellite dish has shrunk to less then twenty-four inches, consumers have rushed to the alternative to cable television. Satellite television marketers are continuing to refine their product in this growth stage. Recently, the top two providers of satellite television signed deals to provide affordable high-speed internet service. â€Å"For satellite-TV providers, the service is another way to offer a full line of products. † (AP, 2006) The growth stage is where marketers move from a heavy focus on information in advertising to a more persuasive approach. The persuasive approach allows the marketers to differentiate from competitors and encourage individuals to not be left behind. If the product space attracts multiple marketers, pricing, features and other differentiators are used in the advertising to help marketers gain or maintain market share. The Growth Stage of the product life cycle is complex and changing. Marketers rely on word-of-mouth, mass advertising and falling prices to sustain the momentum and interest in the product. The goal of the growth stage is to get reluctant buyers to buy and current customers to repurchase. As a product matures and growth stabilizes, the product moves in the Maturity Stage. Sales start to plateau and supply exceeds demand for the first time in the products life cycle. Competing marketers have flooded the field and profits begin to become depressed. All of these factors create pressure on marketers to continue their brands sustainability. Carbonated soft drinks are a very mature product. According to the American Beverage Association (ABA) the beginnings of the modern soda started in the 1830’s. (ABA, 2006) The ABA estimates that there are over 450 brands in the product space. The number of brands creates fierce competition for American’s 65 billion in annual purchases. Adverting in the mature stage of a product’s life is all about increasing purchases, differentiating your brand and finding new uses or markets for the product. In the soft drink space marketers try celebrity endorsements and product differentiation. 7-UP is â€Å"the un-cola†, trying to draw its distinction among more popular cola brands. Whatever approach the marketer takes in advertising, the goal is to extend the maturity stage and maintain profits for as long as possible. A product in the mature stage of the product life cycle does not indicate imminent demise. As illustrated above, soft drinks continue to command consumer’s dollars. Marketers will often look to new markets and changes in the product to extend the life of the product. One of the largest struggles for mature products is maintaining profits as competition drives down prices. As the product leaves maturity it enters the Decline Stage in the Product life cycle. A products decline is most often linked to new technologies. Marketers focus on reminding the remaining customers in the market that they are there for the consumer’s needs. Sales decline, profits decline and the product space eventually looses money. VCRs are a product on the decline in the United States. With the advance of DVDs and the reduction in price of DVRs, VCRs are loosing shelf space and market share. Marketers often times search for new markets as products decline in their existing markets. So while the United States and Europe may transition to a new technology, emerging economies may embrace the â€Å"older† and cheaper technology, thus extending the products life. Advertising a product in the stage of decline focuses on reminding the remaining consumer base the product still exists.

What Is Social Facilitation Definition and Examples

Social facilitation refers to the finding that people sometimes work more effectively on a task when they’re around others. The phenomenon has been studied for over a century, and researchers have found that it occurs in some situations but not in others, depending on the type of task and context. Key Takeaways: Social Facilitation Social facilitation refers to the finding that people sometimes perform better on tasks when others are around.The concept was first proposed by Norman Triplett in 1898; psychologist Floyd Allport labeled it social facilitation in 1920.Whether or not social facilitation occurs depends on the type of task: people tend to experience social facilitation for tasks that are straightforward or familiar. However, social inhibition (decreased performance in the presence of others) occurs for tasks that people are less familiar with. History and Origins In 1898, Norman Triplett published a landmark paper on social facilitation. Triplett enjoyed bicycle racing, and he noticed that many cyclists seemed to ride faster when they were racing with other riders, compared to when they were riding alone. After examining official records from a cycling association, he found that this was indeed the case—records for races where another rider was present were faster than records for â€Å"unpaced† rides (rides where the cyclist was trying to beat someone else’s time, but no one else was currently racing on the track with them). In order to test experimentally whether the presence of others makes people faster at a task, Triplett then conducted a study that has been considered one of the first experimental social psychology studies. He asked children to try to turn a reel as quickly as possible. In some cases, the children completed the task by themselves and, at other times, they competed with another child. Triplett found that, for 20 of the 40 children studied, they worked faster during competitions. Ten of the children worked more slowly in competitions (which Triplett suggested could be because competition was overstimulating), and 10 of them worked equally quickly whether they were in competition or not. In other words, Triplett found that people sometimes work more quickly in the presence of others—but that this doesn’t always happen. Does Social Facilitation Always Happen? After Triplett’s studies were conducted, other researchers also began to investigate how the presence of others impacts task performance. (In 1920, Floyd Allport became the first psychologist to use the term social facilitation.) However, research into social facilitation led to contradictory results: sometimes, social facilitation occurred, but, in other cases, people did worse at a task when someone else was present. In 1965, psychologist Robert Zajonc suggested a potential way of resolving the discrepancy in social facilitation research. Zajonc reviewed prior research and noticed that social facilitation tended to occur for relatively well-practiced behaviors. However, for tasks that people were less experienced with, they tended to do better when they were alone. Why does this happen? According to Zajonc, the presence of other people makes people more likely to engage in what psychologists call the dominant response (essentially, our â€Å"default† response: the type of action that comes most naturally to us in that situation). For simple tasks, the dominant response is likely to be effective, so social facilitation will occur. However, for complex or unfamiliar tasks, the dominant response is less likely to lead to a correct answer, so the presence of others will inhibit our performance on the task. Essentially, when you’re doing something you’re already good at, social facilitation will occur and the presence of other people will make you even better. However, for new or difficult tasks, you’re less likely to do well if others are around. Example of Social Facilitation To give an example of how social facilitation might work in real life, think about how the presence of an audience might affect a musician’s performance. A talented musician who has won numerous awards might feel energized by the presence of an audience, and have a live performance that’s even better than practiced at home. However, someone who is just learning a new instrument might be anxious or distracted by the pressure of performing under an audience, and make mistakes they wouldn’t have made when they practiced alone. In other words, whether or not social facilitation occurs depends on someone’s familiarity with the task: the presence of others tends to improve performance on tasks people already know well, but tends to decrease performance on unfamiliar tasks. Evaluating the Evidence for Social Facilitation In a paper published in 1983, researchers Charles Bond and Linda Titus examined the results of social facilitation studies and found some support for Zajonc’s theory. They found some evidence of social facilitation for simple tasks: on simple tasks, people produce a greater quantity of work if others are present (though this work wasn’t necessarily better quality than what people produce when they’re alone). They also found evidence of social inhibition for complex tasks: when the task was complicated, people tended to produce more (and to do work that was higher quality) if they were alone. Comparison to Related Theories A complementary theory in social psychology is the theory of social loafing: the idea that people may exert less effort on tasks while they are part of teams. As psychologists Steven Karau and Kipling Williams explain, social loafing and social facilitation occur under different circumstances. Social facilitation explains how we act when the other people present are observers or competitors: in this case, the presence of others can improve our performance on a task (as long as the task is one we have already mastered). However, when the other people present are our teammates, social loafing suggests that we may exert less effort (potentially because we feel less responsible for the group’s work) and our performance on a task may be decreased. Sources and Additional Reading: Bond, Charles F., and Linda J. Titus. â€Å"Social Facilitation: A Meta-Analysis of 241 Studies.†Ã‚  Psychological Bulletin, vol. 94, no. 2, 1983, pp. 265-292. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1984-01336-001Forsyth, Donelson R. Group Dynamics. 4th ed., Thomson/Wadsworth, 2006. https://books.google.com/books/about/Group_Dynamics.html?idVhNHAAAAMAAJKarau, Steven J. and Kipling D. Williams. â€Å"Social Facilitation and Social Loafing: Revisting Triplett’s Competition Studies.† Social Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies. Edited by Joanne R. Smith and S. Alexander Haslam, Sage Publications, 2012. https://books.google.com/books/about/Social_Psychology.html?idWCsbkXy6vZoCTriplett, Norman. â€Å"The Dynamogenic Factors in Pacemaking and Competition.†Ã‚  The American Journal of Psychology, vol. 9, no. 4, 1898, pp. 507-533. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1412188Zajonc, Robert B. Social Facilitation.  Science,  vol. 149, no. 3681, 1965, pp. 269-274. https://w ww.jstor.org/stable/1715944