Emergency nursing

Speaking about the Emergency nursing, we should take into account the role of the pinch keep back in the modern hospital and to take into account the most widespread mistakes, d wholeness by the encourages in the emergency department. Also, to analyze the causes of these mistakes.To begin with, emergency she-goat is usually the first person, meeting the diligent in the hospital. Due to the triage system it is the shield, who decide, according to the type of the injury, to what kind of doctor the longanimous should be sent. roundtimes nurses in the emergency department do play a role of the doctor as tumesce they arsehole prescribe some kind of medicines and to give them to the affected role. The kind of mistake in this example quarter be like this1. Wrong diagnose.2. Non well-organized work of the staff. As to the second one, here can be shown the end from one of the hospitals, where the mistake was done according to the miscommunication of two nurses.A 50-year-old man with naked atrial fibrillation was placed on a diltiazem drip in the emergency department for consecrate control. After arriving at the instrument paneliac misgiving unit (CCU), he was noted to be hypotensive and a saline bolus was ordered. The nurse asked a coworker to get her a bag of saline and went to check on another(prenominal) patient. When she returned to the first patients bedside, she noticed that an intravenous (IV) bag was already hanging from the IV pole, and thought that her coworker must absorb placed the saline bag there.Believing the patient unavoidable a rapid saline infusion, she open(a) the IV up, and the solution inf apply in rapidly. At that moment, her coworker arrived with the 500 cc saline bag, which caused the patients nurse to realize, in horror, that she had given the patient an IV bolus of more than 300 mg of diltiazem. The patient suffered severe bradycardia, which awaitd temporary transvenous pacemaker placement and calcium infusion. Luck ily, there was no permanent harm.The commentary to this case was given by Mary Caldwell, RN, PhD, MBA, and Kathleen A. Dracup, RN, DNSc.This case employment raises several troubling issues. A patient was given an inadvertent overdose of diltiazem during a hypotensive episode due to a miscommunication involving two nurses. Intravenous diltiazem can cause bradycardia, hypotension, and reduced myocardial oxygen consumption, all serious side effects in an already unstable patient.Reported error rates for the administproportionn phase of medicine procedures are significant, ranging from 26% to 36%.With respect to intravenous medication preparation and administration, the possibilities for error are magnified compared with oral agents. In one large study, the investigators reported an overall error rate of 49% for intravenous medications, with 73% of those errors involving bolus injections. Providers are potential to encounter at least four complications specific to intravenous medica te administration.First, the medicate can be infused too quickly or too slowly, unlike oral agents, which cast only one rate of administration.Second, IV pumps used to control the rate of administration can fail to operate properly or can be set up incorrectly by a nurse.Third, preparation of the drug can lead to error, as when the drug is added to an incompatible solution or mixed using the wrong ratio of drug-to-IV solution.And finally, the medication can be given through the wrong port, much(prenominal) as into the right atrium kind of than into a peripheral vein.Intuitively, one might guess that the critical care environment would be the berth of more medication- related to errors than less acute units. In one study that compared intensive care unit (ICU) with non-ICU medication-related errors, preventable adverse drug events were twice as common in ICUs as in non-ICUs. However, when these data were correct for the number of drugs used or ordered , there were no difference s between the settings. The fact that the patient-to-nurse ratio in the ICU is usually less than or equal to 21, while a single nurse on a medical-surgical unit may be responsible for 5 to 10 patients, may decline the risk of drug errors in the critical care setting.The Institute for Safe Medication Practices cites the five rights of medication use (right patient, drug, time, dose, and route) as touchstones to aid in the prevention of errors. In this case, following the five rights may boast prevented the overdose. However, one must also recognize that many processes used to prevent errors are more uncontrollable to design and implement in critical care units because of the rapidity with which nurses and physicians must act.Therefore, the basics of safe drug administration practice take on even greater importance. Building in manual redundancies ( such as verbal read-backs, similar to those used when administering blood transfusions) may help when there are variances to standard protocol, such as an IV bolus. The high error take aim documented in IV bolus infusions provides important sustenance for reviewing hospital policies related to their administration. System failures also contributed to the error in this case. If the patient was unstable enough to require a 500 cc bolus of saline, why did the nurse leave the room to check on another patient? Was the staffing inadequate? Workforce issues have been an enormous concern in recent old age as nursing shortages reach crisis proportions. Nurses are stretched thin, and the shortage is felt up most acutely among specialty nurses. The clinical sham of staffing shortages on change magnitude mortality and failure-to-rescue have been noted.A survey conducted by NurseWeek/A-ONE found that 65% of RNs felt the shortage impeded their ability to maintain patient safety. Although specific figures regarding the extent of shortages in critical care are not available, the American standstill of Critical Care Nurses states that requests for registry and traveling nurses have increased substantially across the country, with a 45% increase for adult critical care, 50% for Pediatric/neonatal ICUs, and 140% for Emergency Departments.In the past, most ICUs accepted only experienced nurses (with more than 2 years clinical post-graduate experience) as staff. However, this requirement of previous experience is often waived in times of staff shortages. Although sweet graduates usually participate in hospital ICU training programs, the learning curves are steep and new nurses may become overwhelmed, leading to errors in communication and execution. A recent Food and Drug court (FDA) report listed a number of human factors associated with medication errors.Performance deficit (as opposed to knowledge deficit), such as seen in this case, was the human factor listed most ordinarily (30%). Poor communications contributed another 16% to total errors. Thus, this case illustrates a common source of errora pr oblem of performance related to poor communication. This case study also provides an opportunity to evaluate mistakes on the personal level. A serious, commonly identified shortcoming of the current medical system is the fear of disclosing errors.When errors occur, the responsible staff member should be an active participant in an evaluative process aimed at preventing similar errors from reoccurring. Results of the evaluation on an individual, unit, and hospital level should be shared with the entire hospital so that similar errors might be prevented in the future.The tradition of morbidity and mortality conferences, used commonly by physicians, has not been adopted by nursing staff and might be an appropriate strategy if it provided a blame-free environment in which mistakes and system level issues could be discussed openly. Specific measures to prevent errors in situations similar to this case might includeStandard insurance typically dictates the use of IV pumps on all vasoactiv e drips. (Because it was not specifically noted in this case study, we are compelled to state the obvious.)Standard policy usually dictates that vasoactive drugs be infused through a site utilize to only that drug. Therefore, at least one other separate IV site should be used for other fluids and medications. This practice eliminates the need to use the high risk IV and the potential for an inadvertent overdose. more(prenominal) obvious labeling of high risk IV drips (eg, bigger, brighter labels duplicate labeling on IV bag, pump, monitor).Independent double-checks of bolus fluids by nurses front to administration. Reevaluation of staffing requirements if a patient becomes unstable so that the patientnurse ratio can be befittingly adjusted. Participation of nurses as well as physicians in morbidity and mortality conferences.Sometimes the mistakes occur because of inattentiveness of the nurse. By the way, the documents, fulfilled by the nurse, have to be readable and clear not on ly for the nurse herself, but for the other well-educated staff as well (I mean, the doctors, etc. ). The datas have to be collected precisely and correctly. But lets have a look at one of the patients cards, taken from the Hospital. (Pict.1)The information is just not readable, and it is rather difficult to understand, what were the results. This patients card look likes an album of the child, but not as a professionally made card of the well-qualified staff. Speaking about this case of the 72 years old woman, it is possible to suggest, that the wrong diagnoses have been done, what round lead to the death of the patient.As to the medicines given, it is seen, that not all the medicines needed were given to the patient (at the age of 70 there have to be given some medicines for blood Heparin and as well some medicines for keeping the heart activity. In this case it looks like that on the base of the cough (probably pneumonia) there was a kind of heart attack (probably cardiac infarc tion) with the complications as pulmonary edema(or edema of lungs).1. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al. Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events. Implications for prevention. ADE Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 199527429-34. go to pubmed2. Taxis K, Barber N. Ethnographic study of incidence and severity of intravenous drug errors. BMJ. 2003326684. 3. Cullen DJ, Sweitzer BJ, Bates DW, Burdick E, Edmondson A, Leape LL. Preventable adverse drug events in hospitalized patients a comparative degree study of intensive care and general care units. Crit Care Med. 1997251289-1297. 4. Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM, Sochalski J, Silber JH. Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA. 20022881987-1993. 5. NurseWeek. NurseWeek/A-ONE National Survey of Registered Nurses NurseWeek/A-ONE 2002. 6. Critical Care Nursing Fact Sheet. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. 7. Phillips J, Beam S, Brinker A, et al. Retrospe ctive analysis of mortalities associated with medication errors. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2001581835-1841.